Properties of Air Lime Mortar with Bio-Additives

Abstract

Lime mortar has been a primary binding material in ancient mortar, and is one of the main reasons behind solid and stable constructions that remain stable even after thousands of years. The benefits of lime are innumerable: it is minimally processed and used with a lesser carbon footprint and embodied energy and, most crucially, it is a carbon absorbent. This research experiments with the strength properties (compression) of lime at 28, 56, and 100 days of air curing. The investigation studies the durability using water absorption, UPV test, and carbonation parameters after 100 days of exposure to air. The tested materials are subjected to SEM analysis to find the morphology of the reaction that takes place and the products that are formed. We also performed a comparative study of two different fermented additives by the duration of fermentation (1 day and 10 days) and two different doses of additives (Jaggery and Kadukkai) with air lime. The bio-additives were experimented with using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy for the formation of new enriching compounds, which improved the qualities of traditional lime mortar. The formation of fat and protein in the additives was found using IS 7219-1973 (a method for the determination of protein in foods and feeds). Using the AOAC method, the presence of fat confirms the improvement in strength and durability properties. The phytochemical analysis details the alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins. Quantification of phenols and flavonoids adds to the beneficial aspects of the fermented additives. The experimental results indicate that using naturally fermented organic materials in the lime has made the structures stronger with the stable build of calcite and vaterite components. The self-healing capacity of lime mortar makes it time resistant.

Lime-based mortars with added silica fume and bioproducts for restoration and preservation of heritage buildings

“…Mortar ratio of 1: 3: 1 (hydrated lime: sand: water/lime factor, proportion in weight), workability = 160 mm ± 10 mm (Flow table (NBR 13276 [ 12 ]) was researched MYDIN [ 24 ], Manoharan and Umarani [ 22 ]). Particularly, 0.5 kg of silica fume, 6% of egg albumen, and 6% of biopolymer (complexes of whey protein with κ-casein) were employed.…”

“…In addition, the recommended to avoid rounded aggregates since the shape is another important factor regarding the quality of the fresh and hardened mortar. Regarding the size of the particles, in the case of a small diameter, with finer particles, it’s possible to fill the pore space between lime paste and aggregates without affecting workability (Manoharan and Umarani [ 22 ]).…”

“…Furthermore, several authors Ventolà et al [ 31 ], Thirumalini et al [ 33 ], Mydin [ 24 ], manoharan and Umarani [ 22 ], Jayasingh and Baby [ 19 ] mention the use of natural additives in lime and sand mortars that used in old buildings, which enhance their properties, such as those based on plants and organic ones, such as brown sugar, cactus extract, lentils, among others,and which enabled gains in mechanical properties through the reduction of total porosity and, consequently, ensuring good durability to the composite. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the role of organic additives in the lime matrix from the point of view of strength and durability.…”

“…Souza et al [ 28 ] and Souza et al [ 29 ] concluded provides greater flexibility in setting time, increasing the workability time of the binder and the mechanical properties performance. For lime, the organic materials resulted in a higher structure, i.e., the self-healing capacity of lime mortar with bio-additives makes it time-resistant MYDIN [ 24 ], Manoharam and Umarani [ 22 ]). Recently, García-González et al [ 15 ] investigated bioproducts obtained from the fermentation of biodiesel’s crude glycol with lime mortars that have a positive effect on workability, mechanical performance, and absorption.…”

Revamp of masonry structures using bio-additive infused air lime mortar as an applicator

“…Air lime was used as the binding material in the mortar matrix. Bio additives prepared from kadukkai and jaggery combination in a fermented form were taken for the study from [38], the optimum yielding dosage of the bio-additive. The flexural strength properties were compared between conventional lime mortar and lime mortar infused with bio-additives as a masonry mortar.…”