Repeated Excessive Exercise Attenuates the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Exercise in Older Men

Sahl, Ronni Eg; Andersen, Peter Riis; Grønbæk, K.; Morville, Thomas; Rosenkilde, Mads; Rasmusen, Hanne Kruuse; Poulsen, Steen Seier; Prats, Clara; Dela, Flemming; Helge, Jørn Wulff

doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00407

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Moreover, peritoneal macrophage functionality was altered, as observed with a higher production of IL-6 and IFN-γ, but lower secretion of IL-12, TNF-α and MCP-1. Higher IL-6 production is in line with increased plasma IL-6 concentrations reported in exercise 42,43 . Even though IL-6 has pleiotropic actions 44 , macrophages are the main cell source of this cytokine, which increased during and after exercise due to muscle damage 45 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Alterations in the innate immune system due to exhausting exercise in intensively trained rats

Estruel-Amades

Camps-Bossacoma

Massot-Cladera

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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It is known that intensive physical activity alters the immune system's functionality. However, the influence of the intensity and duration of exercise needs to be studied in more depth. We aimed to establish the changes in the innate immune response induced by two programmes of intensive training in rats compared to sedentary rats. A short training programme included 2 weeks of intensive training, ending with an exhaustion test (short training with exhaustion, S-TE). A second training programme comprised 5-week training including two exhaustion tests and three trainings per week. In this case, immune status was assessed before (T), immediately after (TE) and 24 h after (TE24) an additional final exhaustion test. Biomarkers such as phagocytic activity, macrophage cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and natural killer (NK) cell activity were quantified. S-TE was not enough to induce changes in the assessed innate immunity biomarkers. However, the second training was accompanied by a decrease in the phagocytic activity, changes in the pattern of cytokine secretion and ROS production by macrophages and reduced NK cell proportion but increased NK cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, a 5-week intense training programme, but not a shorter training, induced alterations in the innate immune system functionality. Moderate exercise induces many beneficial effects on human health. In particular, it reduces the risk of developing many chronic disorders, such as cardiovascular disease 1 , metabolic syndrome 2 , type 2 diabetes 3 and even cancer 4,5. Furthermore, moderate exercise has an antioxidant effect 6 and a positive influence on the innate immune system 7,8. On the other hand, intense exercise can induce adverse effects on health, which enhance the risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) 9,10. The observations regarding the amount and intensity of exercise and risk of illnesses have led to the hypothesis that their relationship fits a J-shaped curve 11. This means that very low physical activity or no training is associated with a higher risk of illness compared to moderate activity or training load, whereas very high training loads are related to a higher risk of illness 10. In other words, intensive exercise produces a decrease in the immune system functionality which makes the body more vulnerable to infectious agents. This period is known as an 'open window' to pathogens 12,13. The innate immune system is the first line of organism defence against pathogens. Neutrophils, macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells are the major cellular type of innate immunity susceptible to being altered by exercise. Neutrophils are phagocytic cells able to destroy bacteria by means of the release of enzymes and through the secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Monocytes and macrophages are also phagocytic cells able to secrete a wide range of cytokines, mainly with pro-inflammatory properties 14,15. NK cells are lymphocytes found in small proportions in blood and lymphoid tissues. Nevertheless, due t...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Alterations in the innate immune system due to exhausting exercise in intensively trained rats

Estruel-Amades

Camps-Bossacoma

Massot-Cladera

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The increased levels of stress hormones may affect the activation and mobilization of immune cells [26, 27]. Sahl et al showed that among elderly adults, excessive physical activity increased plasma IL-6 concentrations and low-grade inflammation [28]. However, some studies found that physical activity reduced inflammation [29, 30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Duration of Exercise (MET Hours per Week) and the Risk of Decreased eGFR: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on a Large Chinese Population

Wang

Chen

et al. 2019

Journal of Diabetes Research

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Background. Physical activity is effective in preventing chronic diseases. However, the impact of different durations of exercise on human health is unknown, especially among people with diabetes or prediabetes. Objective. To explore the relationship between high MET hours per week and the change in glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the total population and different subgroups. Methods. A total of 43767 individuals from eight provinces, in China, were recruited. Logistic analysis was used to investigate the association. Participants were divided into 3 groups based on MET hours per week. The primary outcome was an eGFR≤90 mL/min/1.73 m2. Results. The average eGFR was 100.10 (92.43-106.43) mL/min/1.732. Logistic regression analysis revealed that more than 7.5 MET hours per week (equivalent to more than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity of exercise) was associated with the higher risk of the decreased eGFR even after adjusting for confounding factors (7.5 to <21: OR=1.18, 95% CI [1.09, 1.29]; ≥21: OR=1.12, 95% CI [1.05, 1.19], p for trend: 0.0047). After adjusting for confounding factors, in stratified analyses, there still existed a significant relationship among participants aged from 55 to less than 65 years, but not among participants younger than 55 or older than 65 years. Similarly, there existed a positive association between high MET hours per week and the decreased eGFR in participants without diabetes and prediabetes, but not in participants with diabetes or prediabetes, and the interactions of age and diabetic states were found. However, there was no significant difference in women or men. Conclusions. More than 7.5 MET hours per week (equivalent to more than 150 minutes per week or 60 minutes per day of moderate-intensity exercise) was associated with decreased eGFR among participants aged from 55 to less than 65 years and participants without diabetes and prediabetes, but not among participants aged younger than 55 years and older than 65 years and participants with diabetes or prediabetes. The importance of planning individualized physical activities is highlighted.

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“…13,19,20 The duration varied between 6 and 48 hours, some with 10 hours of daily exercise. 14,21,22 The present study is different in that we evaluated the concentration of IL-6 at the end of each of four days of long-term exercise. It is worth mentioning that the increase in IL-6 concentration depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise, so only 50% of the variation in plasma IL-6 concentration is due to the duration of the exercise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only other study conducted to date in this regard evaluated 14 days of cycling and the assays were performed only at the beginning and after the end of the 14-day course. 22 In addition, IL-6 was dosed in isolation as its elevation due to tissue damage stimulates an acute inflammatory response, which, alone or potentiating the effects of other cytokines, 5,15 induces the secretion of other markers (PCR, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, and α1-antichymotrypsin) related to the inflammatory response. 16 IL-6 is a cytokine secreted by skeletal muscle during exercise, 11,27,32 and has been correlated with several biomarkers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Acute Changes in Interleukin-6 Level During Four Days of Long-Distance Walking</p>

Soares

Avelar²,

Venâncio

et al. 2020

JIR

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Background Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has an inflammatory effect, and its concentration in serum increases during exercise. However, no studies have assessed acute changes in IL-6 concentration after consecutive days of extreme and long-term exercise. Objective This study aimed to assess acute changes in serum IL-6 concentration during four days of long-distance walking. Methods This prospective observational study assessed 25 athletes (aged 44.8 ± 9.1 years), who covered a total of 251 km in four days. Blood samples were collected daily to assess serum IL-6 concentrations. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (with Bonferroni’s post hoc test) and the Kruskal–Wallis H -test (with Dunn’s post hoc test) were used to investigate the differences between the measures. Results The serum IL-6 concentrations were higher on the four days of walking (1st day: 26.8 ± 14.8; 2nd day: 14 ± 7.4; 3rd day: 9.4 ± 10.8; 4th day: 4.5 ± 0.2 pg/mL) when compared to pre-walk values (pre-walk: 2.2 ± 2.1 pg/mL; p < 0.001). On the first day, there was a tenfold increase compared to the pre-walk value. Conclusion The inflammatory response increased the serum concentration of IL-6 after four days of exercise. With the passing of days, there were reductions but not to baseline values.

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Repeated Excessive Exercise Attenuates the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Exercise in Older Men

Cited by 15 publications

References 27 publications

Alterations in the innate immune system due to exhausting exercise in intensively trained rats

Alterations in the innate immune system due to exhausting exercise in intensively trained rats

Association between Duration of Exercise (MET Hours per Week) and the Risk of Decreased eGFR: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on a Large Chinese Population

<p>Acute Changes in Interleukin-6 Level During Four Days of Long-Distance Walking</p>

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