“…In previous studies, various materials have been used for ABD including autologous tissue such as blood vessels and ureters 4,5 , non-degradable materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene 8 , degradable materials such as polylactic acid and collagen 6,7 , and bioengineered materials. 13 Non-degradable materials have achieved limited success because they remain as foreign substances in the bile duct.…”