Renal involvement in visceral leishmaniasis dogs

Abstract

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis that affects both animals and man. Dogs are the etiological agent's main reservoir. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical laboratory aspects and renal histopathology of VL dogs. Thirtyfour symptomatic (case) and 17 asymptomatic (control) VL seropositive dogs of different breeds, sexes, and ages from Teresina, Piauí State, Brazil, were used. Diagnosis was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence test. Clinical and laboratory tests included blood cell count and renal function analysis (urea and creatinine). Animals were subjected to euthanasia and necropsy. Renal fragments were prepared by the usual histological techniques and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff. Physical examination showed that lymph node hypertrophy (85.29%) and skin lesions (35.29%) were frequent in the case group. Anemia was found in 55.88% of the case and in 11.76% of the control group. There was a significant difference between groups by Fisher's exact test. Two case-group dogs showed azotemia. Renal histopathological evaluation showed that 61.76% case and 17.65% control-group dogs had membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was seen in 32.35% case and 64.70% control-group animals. There was a significant difference for both types of glomerulonephritis between groups. Amastigote forms of Leishmania were found in the renal parenchyma, in the inflammatory infiltrate of one case-group dog. We concluded that, in canine VL, regardless of the clinical signs at physical examination, the kidneys are frequently compromised.

Renal Histopathological Findings in Dogs With Visceral Leishmaniasis

“…Canine visceral leishmaniasis is thought to be an immune-mediated disease; where the presence of a humoral response is associated with clinical disease, while the cellular response has been observed in asymptomatic animals 1,17 . A study of dog kidney fragments showed significant differences between membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and the presence or absence of symptoms 24 . In the present study there was no significant difference between the presence of glomerulonephritis in symptomatic and oligosymptomatic groups, assuming that the renal alterations are more related to immune status and immune cell response of dogs than to the presence of signs and symptoms and exposure time 1 .…”

Renal laboratory abnormalities in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis naturally infected

“…A perda seletiva da albumina também pode ocorrer pela urina em decorrência à lesão renal (Grauer, 2005). A frequente proteinúria observada está relacionada à doença glomerular e é reflexo do aumento da permeabilidade capilar glomerular a proteínas do plasma, principalmente a albumina (Soares et al, 2005). Assim como foi observado no presente estudo onde 83,33% (5/6) dos cães positivos apresentaram presença de moderada (30 mg/dL) à marcante (100 mg/dL) de proteínas (albumina) na urina.…”

Evaluation of Physiological Biomarkers as Possible Predictive Factors and Prognosis Markers of Kidney Injury in Dogs Naturally Infected With Leishmania Infantum

“…Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious, systemic, and zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and is transmitted by infected female sandfl ies, Lutzomyia longipalpis, and its main vector is in Brazil (Dantas-Torres and Brandão-Filho, 2006). It is estimated that there are millions of infected dogs in South America, especially in Brazil, where there are high rates of infection (Marcondes and Day, 2019) Infected dogs can develop canine leishmaniosis (CanL), which can aff ect several organs and therefore exhibit several clinical characteristics, ranging from apparently healthy to severe illness and death, depending on the immune response triggered by the patient (Soares et al, 2005;Freitas et al, 2012) Renal function impairment is quite frequent among the clinical changes observed in infected animals (Braga et al, 2015). Th e formation and deposition of immune complexes secondary to CanL can cause glomerulonephritis and tubulointerstitial lesions (De Oliveira Frazilio et al, 2018).…”

“…Some authors believe that tubulointerstitial lesions occur secondary to glomerulopathy (Pardo-Marín et al, 2017; De Oliveira Frazilio et al, 2018). Renal proteinuria, which is a refl ection of increased glomerular capillary permeability, is associated with the production of immune complexes and may be evidence of kidney injury (D' Amico and Bazzi, 2003; Soares et al, 2005;Freitas et al, 2012;Brown et al, 2013;IRIS 2023). Treatments for CanL in Brazil are based on miltefosine for leishmanicidal action, immunomodulatory medications such as domperidone, and immunotherapy, which consists of three double doses of the Leishtec® vaccine with intervals of twenty-one days between applications.…”