Relationship of Sex Role to Male- and Female-Dominated Professions

Relationship between sex role attitudes and personality traits and the sex role behavior scale-1: A new measure of masculine and feminine role behaviors and interests.

“…Thus, an older sample of adults with more extensive marital and career experience might exhibit more pronounced relationships among sex role traits, attitudes, and behaviors than were found in the sample studied here. Along these lines, a recent study did show some relationship between adults' sex role trait organization and sex typing of their careers (Tyer & Erdwins, 1979).…”

Changes in women's assertiveness in response to status and roles: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1931–1993.

“…For example, 24% of women were in the labor force in 1930, 31% just before America's entrance into World War II in 1942, 33% in 1950, 38% in 1960, 43% in 1970, 52% in 1980, 58% in 1990, and 60% in 1998 are from the Statistical Abstract of the United States; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1925Census, -2000. Several studies have found that employed women-especially those employed in traditionally male-dominated fields-score higher on measures of instrumentality, a concept closely related to assertiveness (Clarey & Sanford, 1982;Strange & Rea, 1983;Tyer & Erdwins, 1979;Wertheim, Widom, & Wortzel, 1978). Employed women also scored higher than housewives on the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) Dominance scale (O'Connell, 1980).…”

“…Bureau of the Census, 1925–2000). Several studies have found that employed women—especially those employed in traditionally male-dominated fields—score higher on measures of instrumentality, a concept closely related to assertiveness (Clarey & Sanford, 1982; Strange & Rea, 1983; Tyer & Erdwins, 1979; Wertheim, Widom, & Wortzel, 1978). Employed women also scored higher than housewives on the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) Dominance scale (O'Connell, 1980).…”

Differences Between and Within Genders in Gender Role Orientation According to Age and Level of Education

“…Nevertheless, very few studies have specifically dealt with the extent to which these factors are associated with differences in gender role orientation, basically focusing on samples of women and practically overlooking men altogether. Some indicate that women who have higher education levels and/or are employed have a lower level of femininity than women with a low level of education and/or who do not work; while masculinity increases with higher or university education levels, part or full-time work, with occupational prestige and work in professional positions and/or mainly male-dominated professions (Abele 2000(Abele , 2003Clarey and Stanford 1982;Cunningham and Antill 1984;Holahan and Gilbert 1979;Kasen et al 2006;Spence and Helmreich 1978;Strange and Ria 1983;Tyer and Erdwins 1979;Twenge 2001).…”