This study analyses the masculinity and femininity in a Spanish sample made up of 164 adult workers (88 men and 76 women). To be specific, the objective was to demonstrate whether age and level of education were related to differences in masculinity and femininity, both when comparing between the two genders and when the comparisons are made within the same gender. The results indicated that the two variables predicted differences in women, but not in men. There were only differences between genders in masculinity and femininity between the ages of 20 and 39, and when the level of education is low. The results appear to support Hofstede's hypothesis that there are fewer differences between genders in gender role orientation in feminine countries.

The objective of this study was to determine whether individuals with different attachment styles held different prosocial values and attitudes given their different models of self and of others. A sample of 717 university students completed the ECR-S (Experiences in Close Relationships-Spanish) and the PVQ (Portrait Values Questionnaire), and evaluated different prosocial attitudes. The results showed that secure individuals reported higher scores on self-transcendence and in the value self-directions of the dimension openness to change, whereas insecure individuals had higher scores on conservation and self-enhancement. No differences were found in the attitudes of individuals with different attachment styles. These findings show a link between the dimensions of the universal values theory, and the models of self and of others.

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Bowlby's attachment theory suggested that the attachment experiences of early childhood influence adult approaches to close relationships. As a result of these experiences, the child develops typical mental schemas or internal working models. The aim of this study was to analyze how young people with different attachment styles perceive the benefits and costs involved in spending as much time as possible with their partner, and to determine whether their beliefs reflect the internal working models associated with their attachment style. A sample of 1,539 university students responded to the Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew & Horowith, 1991), and to a questionnaire about behavioral beliefs (perceived benefits and costs). Results show that young people with different attachment styles hold different beliefs about the consequences derived from engaging in a specific behavior in romantic relationships. Secure and preoccupied individuals perceived more benefits than costs associated with the behavior, whereas dismissing and fearful individuals perceived more costs than benefits. Furthermore, secure and preoccupied individuals rated those behavioral consequences leading to enhanced intimacy or closeness more positively than avoidant individuals, whereas dismissing individuals rated more negatively those consequences that involved a loss of independence. These results confirm that a congruity exists between the beliefs associated with the behavior studied and the internal working models related to each adult attachment style.

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados correspondientes al segundo punto temporal (tiempo 2) de la investigación longitudinal iniciada cinco años antes, sobre una muestra de 187 participantes, residentes en dos contextos distintos: hogar familiar/residencia escolar. En tiempo 2, su edad oscila entre los 17 y los 19 años. Los objetivos perseguidos han sido, por una parte, analizar las diferencias entre ambos grupos respecto a su situación educativa o laboral en este punto temporal y, por otra, comprobar si las diferencias que se habían constatado en la primera transición (cuatro años antes: tiempo 1) habían sufrido variaciones significativas. Los resultados indican que el haber vivido en una residencia durante los años escolares se relaciona con la posición social futura de los jóvenes. Comparados, transversalmente, en tiempo 2, con los que han vivido en el hogar familiar, los niveles educativos que alcanzan son más bajos, abandonan o dejan de estudiar antes y se insertan con edades más tempranas en el mundo laboral, pero en trabajos de baja cualificación. Los resultados longitudinales, cuando se compara la situación de ambos grupos en tiempo 1 con la situación en tiempo 2, no solo confirman las diferencias apuntadas, sino que indican que se ha producido un incremento significativo de esas diferencias. Palabras clave: Transición al trabajo, residencia, internado.