Differences Between and Within Genders in Gender Role Orientation According to Age and Level of Education

Abstract

This study analyses the masculinity and femininity in a Spanish sample made up of 164 adult workers (88 men and 76 women). To be specific, the objective was to demonstrate whether age and level of education were related to differences in masculinity and femininity, both when comparing between the two genders and when the comparisons are made within the same gender. The results indicated that the two variables predicted differences in women, but not in men. There were only differences between genders in masculinity and femininity between the ages of 20 and 39, and when the level of education is low. The results appear to support Hofstede's hypothesis that there are fewer differences between genders in gender role orientation in feminine countries.

Masculine vs feminine personality traits and women’s employment outcomes in Britain

“…In the other half of the paired applications, women were self-characterized as being gentle, friendly and affectionate; reflecting the so-called 'women with feminine personality characteristics' group (Bem, 1981). Scientists have used the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1981) to provide a measure of gender-role stereotyping (Archer and Lloyd, 2002;Ozkan and Lajunen, 2005;Calvo-Salguero et al, 2008). In the latter inventory, gender stereotypes refer to the beliefs people hold in relation to members categorized as 'man' or 'woman' (Archer and Lloyd, 2002 Zinc, 2013).…”

Gender role orientation and gaming behavior revisited: examining mediated and moderated effects

“…However, results suggest that this is less evident for individuals with lower educational level. Findings indicate that this group is more tied to traditional gender role expectations than individuals with a higher educational level -this seems to be true for the society at large (Calvo-Salguero et al, 2008) as well as the specific segment of gamers.…”

“…Covering both aspects, Wood and Eagly (2002) conceptualized a biosocial model, supposing a reciprocal relation of biological processes and sociocultural variables that might foster gendered behavior. That is, the assignment to a certain gender role depends on physical characteristics as well as social, economic, technological, and ecological context variables (Wood & Eagly, 2002; see also Calvo-Salguero, García-Martínez, & Monteoliva, 2008). Furthermore, individual-level processes mediate the influence of gender roles on behavior (Wood & Eagly, 2012).…”

“…Furthermore, research stated that the impact of gender role orientation differs due to sociodemographic variables such as age and educational level (Calvo-Salguero et al, 2008). As discussed above, Wood and Eagly (2012) supposed a biosocial interaction concerning the influence of gender roles.…”

Gender role stereotypes in advertising : a test of the match-up hypothesis on advertising effectiveness.

“…However, men did not necessarily change in regards to their adherence to feminine or masculine behaviors or characteristics. Calvo-Salguero et al (2008) hypothesized that men will be more masculine and women will be more feminine when the education level is low. They also hypothesized that women with a lower level of education would be more feminine than women with a higher level of education and the same trend would be evident in men.…”