Relationship of psychological factors with salivary flow rate and cortisol levels in individuals with oral lichen planus: A case-control study

Characteristics of the psychopathological status of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Two studies on personality characteristics used the following scales: one study used the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) 36 and the other used the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI‐2) 39 . The measures of OLP and stress also varied with two different scales: one used the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS‐14) 26 and the other used the Lipp Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults (LISS) 29 . In addition, two studies used the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to investigate the sleep quality of OLP patients 18,34 …”

“…Three studies compared the stress symptoms between OLP patients and controls using the DASS‐21 (two studies) 23,24 and the PSS‐14 (one study) 26 . The pooled OR was 4.14 (95% CI: 1.92–11.53), and there is no heterogeneity between the studies ( I 2 = 0), indicating that stress symptoms might be one of the risk factors for OLP.…”

“…Three studies compared the stress symptoms between OLP patients and controls using the DASS-21 (two studies) 23,24 and the PSS-14 (one study). 26 The pooled OR was 4.14 (95% CI: 1.92-11.53), and there is no heterogeneity between the studies (I 2 = 0), indicating that stress symptoms might be one of the risk factors for OLP. However, three more studies measured the stress scores of OLP patients with the DASS-42, 9,22,25 and the pooled MD of these studies was not statistically significant, 0.93 (95% CI: À0.12 to 1.98), because of the high heterogeneity among the studies (I 2 = 91.0%).…”

“…Depression is one of the leading causes of disability, globally, 44 and it is a consistent risk factor for many oral mucosal diseases, including OLP 41 . One study found the prevalence rate of depression in patients with OLP was 64.6%, which was higher than that of the healthy controls (11.6%) 26 . Another study found patients with OLP had higher mean depression scores than a healthy control group (patients without mucosal disease) but had very similar depression scores to a control group with burning mouth syndrome (BMS), which typically includes facial pain and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome 45 .…”

“…All the studies used a 1) used professional psychometric scales, mainly focusing on anxiety and depression. The following instruments were used: seven studies used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (HADS), [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] ; five studies used the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) 9,[22][23][24][25] ; four studies used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) [26][27][28][29] ; three studies used the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), 28,30,31 ; four used the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Test (HAM-A) [32][33][34][35] ; one study used the Hamilton rating scale for Depression (HAM-D) 34 ; two studies used the Selfrating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) 36,37 ; one study used the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) 38 ; and one study used the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). 32 Two studies on personality characteristics used the following scales: one study used the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) 36 and the other used the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2).…”