Relationship between smoking and diet: The MONICA‐France project

Abstract

The association between smoking habits and diet was examined in a sample of 1126 men, aged 45-64 years, from the general population living in the three French MONICA monitoring areas: Bas-Rhin (BR) (n = 346), Haute-Garonne (HG) (n = 400) and Urban Community of Lille (UCL) (n = 380). Diet was assessed by the 3-day record method. The energy and nutrient intakes were calculated for each of the 3 centres, using the same food composition tables. Alcohol consumption was higher among smokers (P less than 0.001). Taking into account alcohol consumption, age, body mass index, centre, educational level and family size, the analyses showed no difference in non-alcoholic energy intake, proteins, carbohydrates, and total fat. However, smokers had a lower intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P less than 0.05) and dietary fibre (P less than 0.01) than non-smokers. With regard to food items, smokers had a higher intake of sucrose (P less than 0.05) and a lower intake of vegetables (P less than 0.001), dairy products (P less than 0.05) and cheese (P less than 0.05). These results suggest that analyses in future epidemiological research regarding the role of diet in the aetiology of tobacco-related diseases should consider this association of potential risk factors.

Dietary intake in male and female smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers: The INTERMAP Study

“…Smokers were also found to have lower intakes of vegetable protein than nonsmokers in three other studies. 6,15,27 Animal protein intake was higher in smokers for UK women and PRC men, but lower in smokers than nonsmokers for Japanese women. Animal protein intake has been higher in smokers than nonsmokers in some studies, 6,9,22 with no difference in intake in others.…”

“…Animal protein intake has been higher in smokers than nonsmokers in some studies, 6,9,22 with no difference in intake in others. 21,25,27 No other studies have reported intakes of omega 3 and omega 6 PFA by smoking status. In INTERMAP, US male smokers consumed significantly less energy from omega 3 PFA than never smokers.…”

“…3 Consistent with the results of this meta-analysis, smokers have also reported consuming fewer fruits and vegetables than nonsmokers in many studies. 1,5,6,8,9,11,12,15,16,18,20,24,27,28,[34][35][36]41,42,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] While the associations of smoking with nutrient intakes and consumption of specific foods have been examined in samples from several countries, most reports have been on samples from the United States (US), [1][2][3][4]7,8,10,30,32,33,35,36,[41][42][43][44][46][47][48]54,56 United Kingdom (UK), …”

“…1,5,6,8,9,11,12,15,16,18,20,24,27,28,[34][35][36]41,42,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] However, INTERMAP did not find the consistently higher intakes for total energy, total fat, SFA, and dietary cholesterol, and lower intake of PFA for smokers compared to never smokers that have been reported for smokers compared to nonsmokers in other studies. 3 Energy from carbohydrate intake was also lower in six of seven gender-country subgroups in INTERMAP, which is generally consistent with those studies reporting carbohydrate intake as per cent energy, 1,2,6,9,11,15,22,42,[46][47][48] but not with those studies reporting carbohydrate intake as g/day, which on average show no difference in intake for smokers and nonsmokers.…”

Does the association between smoking status and selected healthy foods depend on gender? A population-based study of 54 417 middle-aged Danes

“…Adult smokers seem to eat differently from non-smokers (Nuttens et al, 1992;Thompson et al, 1992;Margetts & Jackson, 1993;Surbar & Harlan, 1993;Serdula et al, 1995;Prättälla et al, 1998;Morabia et al, 1999). A greater knowledge of the food intakes of smokers, ex-smokers and nonsmokers is important not only for epidemiologists, who are assessing disease risks, but also for those who study factors influencing lifestyle.…”