Dietary intake in male and female smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers: The INTERMAP Study

Dyer, Alan R.; Elliott, Paul; Stamler, Jeremiah; Chan, Queenie; Ueshima, Hirotsugu; Zhou, BF

doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001607

Cited by 87 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The accompanying papers and Appendix tables in this issue of the Journal of Human Hypertension give further information on methodology (especially for collection and processing of dietary/nutritional data), descriptive analyses, findings on prior hypothesis #2 above, and detailed data tabulations. 60,[74][75][76][77] Results of other analyses on relations of nutritional variables to BP have been presented at national and international meetings, and are to be published. We are grateful to Rand McNally & Company, Skokie, IL, USA for permission to reproduce here as Figure 1 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

INTERMAP: background, aims, design, methods, and descriptive statistics (nondietary)

et al. 2003

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Blood pressure (BP) above optimal (p120/p80 mmHg) is established as a major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Prevalence of adverse BP is high in most adult populations; until recently research has been sparse on reasons for this. Since the 1980s, epidemiologic studies confirmed that salt, alcohol intake, and body mass relate directly to BP; dietary potassium, inversely. Several other nutrients also probably influence BP. The DASH feeding trials demonstrated that with the multiple modifications in the DASH combination diet, SBP/DBP (SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure) was sizably reduced, independent of calorie balance, alcohol intake, and BP reduction with decreased dietary salt. A key challenge for research is to elucidate specific nutrients accounting for this effect. The general aim of the study was to clarify influences of multiple nutrients on SBP/DBP of individuals over and above effects of Na, K, alcohol, and body mass. Specific aims were, in a cross-sectional epidemiologic study of 4680 men and women aged 40-59 years from 17 diverse population samples in China, Japan, UK, and USA, test 10 prior hypotheses on relations of macronutrients to SBP/DBP and on role of dietary factors in inverse associations of education with BP; test four related subgroup hypotheses; explore associations with SBP/DBP of multiple other nutrients, urinary metabolites, and foods. For these purposes, for all 4680 participants, with standardized high-quality methods, assess individual intake of 76 nutrients from four 24-h dietary recalls/person; measure in two timed 24-h urine collections/person 24-h excretion of Na, K, Ca, Mg, creatinine, amino acids; microalbuminuria; multiple nutrients and metabolites by nuclear magnetic resonance and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Based on eight SBP/DBP measurements/person, and data on multiple possible confounders, utilize mainly multiple linear regression and quantile analyses to test prior hypotheses and explore relations of multiple dietary and urinary variables to SBP/DBP of individuals. The 4680 INTERMAP participants are equally divided across four age/gender strata: diverse in ethnicity, education, occupation, physical activity; use of cigarettes, alcohol; diagnosed high BP, CVD, diabetes; CVD family history; women vary in parity, use of contraceptive medication and hormone replacement therapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

INTERMAP: background, aims, design, methods, and descriptive statistics (nondietary)

et al. 2003

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“…Similarly, data from the Japanese-Hawaii INTERLIPID Study, ancillary to INTERMAP, published in this special number of the Journal of Human Hypertension, indicate that the decadeslong favourable serum lipid levels of Japanese middle-aged populationsFfor example as reported earlier by the Seven Countries and the Ni-Hon-San StudiesFmay be on the way out. 17,25 Especially given the extraordinarily high smoking rates for Chinese (Table 7) and Japanese men, 17,[23][24][25][26] the high average blood pressures, and the high rates of high BP, the East Asian serum lipid trend is to be regarded as a warning signal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient intakes of middle-aged men and women in China, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States in the late 1990s: The INTERMAP Study

et al. 2003

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“…The EPIC-Norfolk population was considered representative of the population of England in terms of anthropometric variables, blood pressure and serum lipids (Day et al, 1999) but the fact that the population had approximately half as many current smokers compared to UK could perhaps have affected the dietary intake. A recent meta-analysis of the dietary effects of smoking has concluded that smokers have a lower intake of polyunsaturated fat, fibre, vitamin C, vitamin E and b-carotene than non-smokers (Dyer et al, 2003). Foods rich in polyunsaturated fat and fibre are generally higher in Figure 2 (a) Energy adjusted intake of plant sterols from different food groups (mg/1000 kJ) in men by age group, EPIC Norfolk 1993-1997 Energy adjusted intake of plant sterols from different food groups (mg/1000 kJ) in women by age group, EPIC Norfolk 1993-1997.…”

Section: Food Sources Of Plant Sterols S Klingberg Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Food sources of plant sterols in the EPIC Norfolk population

et al. 2007

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Objective: To investigate the intake of plant sterols and identify major dietary sources of plant sterols in the British diet. Subjects: A total of 24 798 men and women recruited during 1993-1997, participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk).Interventions: A database of the plant sterol (campesterol, b-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campestanol and b-sitostanol) content in foods, based on gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analyses, was linked to nutritional intake data from food frequency questionnaires in the EPIC-Norfolk population. Results: The mean (s.d.) intake of total plant sterols was 300 (108) mg/d for men and 293 (100) mg/d for women. Bread and other cereals, vegetables and added fats were the three major food sources of plant sterols representing 18.6 (8.9), 18.4 (8.5) and 17.3 (10.4)% of the total plant sterol intake respectively. Women had a higher plant sterol density than men (36.4 vs 32.8 mg/1000 kJ, Po0.001) and in relation to energy intake higher intakes of plant sterols from vegetables, bread and other cereals, added fats, fruits and mixed dishes (all Po0.001), whilst men had higher intakes of plant sterols from cakes, scones and chocolate, potatoes (all Po0.001) and other foods (Po0.01). Conclusions: The intake of plant sterols in UK, mainly from bread, cereals, fats and vegetables, is much higher than previously reported but comparable to recent European studies.

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Dietary intake in male and female smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers: The INTERMAP Study

Cited by 87 publications

References 61 publications

INTERMAP: background, aims, design, methods, and descriptive statistics (nondietary)

INTERMAP: background, aims, design, methods, and descriptive statistics (nondietary)

Nutrient intakes of middle-aged men and women in China, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States in the late 1990s: The INTERMAP Study

Food sources of plant sterols in the EPIC Norfolk population

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