Relationship between Exposure to Vector Bites and Antibody Responses to Mosquito Salivary Gland Extracts

Abstract

Mosquito-borne diseases are major health problems worldwide. Serological responses to mosquito saliva proteins may be useful in estimating individual exposure to bites from mosquitoes transmitting these diseases. However, the relationships between the levels of these IgG responses and mosquito density as well as IgG response specificity at the genus and/or species level need to be clarified prior to develop new immunological markers to assess human/vector contact. To this end, a kinetic study of antibody levels against several mosquito salivary gland extracts from southeastern French individuals living in three areas with distinct ecological environments and, by implication, distinct Aedes caspius mosquito densities were compared using ELISA. A positive association was observed between the average levels of IgG responses against Ae. caspius salivary gland extracts and spatial Ae. caspius densities. Additionally, the average level of IgG responses increased significantly during the peak exposure to Ae. caspius at each site and returned to baseline four months later, suggesting short-lived IgG responses. The species-specificity of IgG antibody responses was determined by testing antibody responses to salivary gland extracts from Cx. pipiens, a mosquito that is present at these three sites at different density levels, and from two other Aedes species not present in the study area (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus). The IgG responses observed against these mosquito salivary gland extracts contrasted with those observed against Ae. caspius salivary gland extracts, supporting the existence of species-specific serological responses. By considering different populations and densities of mosquitoes linked to environmental factors, this study shows, for the first time, that specific IgG antibody responses against Ae. caspius salivary gland extracts may be related to the seasonal and geographical variations in Ae. caspius density. Characterisation of such immunological-markers may allow the evaluation of the effectiveness of vector-control strategies or estimation of the risk of vector-borne disease transmission.

Mosquito Bite Delivery of Dengue Virus Enhances Immunogenicity and Pathogenesis in Humanized Mice

“…Our results show hu-NSG mice produce cytokines mimicking this response when bitten by uninfected mosquitoes, and most of these cytokines were still detectable at day 32 postbite. At least 4 different mosquito salivary proteins have been shown to affect platelet, thrombin, or other clotting factor function (23). Increased cytokine production by splenocytes of mice bitten by A. aegypti and Culex pipiens mosquitoes has been reported even after 7 to 10 days, suggesting possible delayed or persistent immunomodulatory effects on platelet or T cell functions (63).…”

Detection of immunogenic proteins from Anopheles sundaicussalivary glands in the human serum

“…The protein concentrations of SGEs were determined using a nanophotometer (Nanophotometer Implen P 360, Germany). Salivary gland extracts were then diluted in 0.1M bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) to obtain a protein concentration of 1µg/µL for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (11) .…”

“…The immunogenicity of salivary proteins has been demonstrated in previous studies, which showed that salivary proteins can induce the host immune response by producing immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) via hypersensitivity reactions (9) . The presence of a specific IgG antibody response against whole saliva extracts (WSEs) of Anopheles METHODS mosquitoes can be measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in children and adults exposed to mosquitoes bites (10) (11) . Additional studies have shown that the IgG response can recognize specifi c salivary proteins (12) (13) .…”

Analysis of Human Immune Response against Salivary Glands Protein Extract of Anopheles sundaicus. L in Malaria Endemic Area

“…sundaicus. SGPE consists of many different proteins, some of which can be conserved into genus and even family level (Fontaine et al 2011).…”

“…aegypti and An. sundaicus belong to (Fontaine et al 2011). In this research, the grouping was based on age.…”