Relating Global and Local Connectome Changes to Dementia and Targeted Gene Expression in Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract

Networks are present in many aspects of our lives, and networks in neuroscience have recently gained much attention leading to novel representations of brain connectivity. The integration of neuroimaging characteristics and genetics data allows a better understanding of the effects of the gene expression on brain structural and functional connections. The current work uses whole-brain tractography in a longitudinal setting, and by measuring the brain structural connectivity changes studies the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease. This is accomplished by examining the effect of targeted genetic risk factors on the most common local and global brain connectivity measures. Furthermore, we examined the extent to which Clinical Dementia Rating relates to brain connections longitudinally, as well as to gene expression. For instance, here we show that the expression of PLAU gene increases the change over time in betweenness centrality related to the fusiform gyrus. We also show that the betweenness centrality metric impact dementia-related changes in distinct brain regions. Our findings provide insights into the complex longitudinal interplay between genetics and brain characteristics and highlight the role of Alzheimer's genetic risk factors in the estimation of regional brain connectivity alterations.

Retracted: Pedagogical Conditions for Managing Stressful States of Preschool Children with Special Educational Needs

“…The environment is perceived as a possible source of problems and emotional experiences. The characteristics of anxiety-phobic states are determined by a set of contexts: organic, interpersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal personality development (Elsheikh et al, 2021). An anxiety-phobic state may be associated with the development of the patient's treatment and the formation of mental and social depression.…”

Semantics and Creation of Eponyms in the English-Speaking World

“…For the most part, lexemes are written with a capital letter, while eponyms that have undergone metonymic changes are written with a small letter: nicotine (Jean Nicot de Villemain), sandwich (John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich), chauvinism (Nicole Chauvin), colossal (Rhodes Colossus).3. Eponyms are concise and make it easier to inform the audience: for example, the term "Alzheimer's disease" implies memory problems, so for language economy, the best option would be to use an eponym to avoid long explanations(Elsheikh et al, 2021).4. Eponyms have a memorial character, i.e., their lexical meaning preserves the name of an outstanding person from the Studies inMedia and Communication Vol.…”