“…The crisis of 1997–98 induced the ‘good governance reforms’ in the social and institutional domains, which also stimulated these nation states to reflect on their unique central-local, state-civil society relations. Their current mode of urban entrepreneurialism 3.0 therefore is preferably portrayed as post-developmental (Miao 2018b) or democratised-developmental (Cheng 2022) instead of neoliberal (Uttam 2019), which denotes the persistent role of the central state while acknowledging the rising influences and autonomies of market agencies, NGOs, local and regional governance bodies (Carroll and Jarvis 2017). It is also in urban entrepreneurialism 3.0 that East Asian states, led by nations such as China, Singapore, but also South Korea (Chen et al, 2019; Kim et al, 2020; Miao 2018a), not only join a plethora of international networks of urban policy exchange and experimentation (Davidson et al, 2019), but also take a lead in creating a broader and more diverse export market for their urban expertise and solutions (infrastructure, housing, health, environment, urban planning and design, data analytics).…”