Urban entrepreneurialism 3.0 and the export of urban expertise: The case of South Korea’s international information and telecommunication technology program

Abstract

Several modes of urban entrepreneurialism, variously composed of central-local, state-market, state-civil society, and domestic-international relations, have been apparent since the 1970s. Drawing inspiration from East Asian developmental states, we argue that it is under the most recent mode of urban entrepreneurialism 3.0 that the urban sources of exports and national economic development have been most fully mobilised by states. We illustrate this export of urban expertise with the case of South Korea’s International Information and Telecommunication Technology Program (ITTP), offered by Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), which trains future ICT and city leaders from developing countries. We trace the history and effects of the ITTP through original empirical research involving interviews and a survey of graduates from the program. The ITTP is revealing of state intrapreneurialism in the export of sector-specific urban expertise with effects on national brands, new markets and the formation of new institutions. The case of the ITTP is one among a variety of means by which East Asian states in particular have projected urban expertise internationally. It also points to these states’ struggle to coordinate institutions involved in, and generate consensus around, national models of urban expertise to be exported.

Competition and coordination in state intrapreneurialism: The case of South Korea's export of urban expertise

“…This series of national strategies helped to transfer South Korea into a leading international force in the ICT sector, with a demand-based development focus that has shifted from hardware to e-governance to ubiquitous urban infrastructure and then to smart cities (interview: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 1 July 2019). As we describe elsewhere, intrapreneurial national state actions to promote South Korea's urban expertise through novel university education and training programmes at the likes of KAIST nevertheless have been greatly shaped and reshaped by changes in political control and leadership of national government in the transition to post-developmentalism (Miao et al, 2023). It is to some of these shifts we now turn to better understand the territorial politics of state intrapreneurialism.…”