Reinforced Portland cement porous scaffolds for load‐bearing bone tissue engineering applications

Abstract

Modified Portland cement porous scaffolds with suitable characteristics for load-bearing bone tissue engineering applications were manufactured by combining the particulate leaching and foaming methods. Non-crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane was evaluated as a potential reinforcing material. The scaffolds presented average porosities between 70 and 80% with mean pore sizes ranging from 300 μm up to 5.0 mm. Non-reinforced scaffolds presented compressive strengths and elastic modulus values of 2.6 and 245 MPa, respectively, whereas reinforced scaffolds exhibited 4.2 and 443 MPa, respectively, an increase of ∼62 and 80%. Portland cement scaffolds supported human osteoblast-like cell adhesion, spreading, and propagation (t = 1-28 days). Cell metabolism and alkaline phosphatase activity were found to be enhanced at longer culture intervals (t ≥ 14 days). These results suggest the possibility of obtaining strong and biocompatible scaffolds for bone repair applications from inexpensive, yet technologically advanced materials such as Portland cement.

Cytotoxicity and Bioactivity of Calcium Silicate Cements Combined with Niobium Oxide in Different Cell Lines

“…on the concentration of the seeded cells (21), which justifies the greater activity of this enzyme in the final period of evaluation (7 days). In the other evaluated lines, there was no significant difference among the time intervals.…”

Preparation, characterization, release kinetics, and in vitro cytotoxicity of calcium silicate cement as a risedronate delivery system

“…The cell viability was calculated as the sample absorption at 570 nm divided by the absorption of the control group at the same wavelength. 19.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, U.S.A.) was used to analyze our data. The results are reported as mean 6 standard deviation.…”

Micropatterned Coatings for Guided Tissue Regeneration in Dental Implantology

“…Moreover, the Ca(OH)2 released under physiological conditions interacts with phosphates in the medium to produce rapid precipitation of amorphous apatite. However, previous research by Gallego-Perez, et al showed that the showed that the Ca(OH)2 present in hydrated Portland cement could be extremely cytotoxic [146,147]. Such toxic effect effect may not be desirable in certain applications, like implants, as it will prevent adequate cell adhesion and propagation on the surface and cause the formation of a large necrotic zone around the implant after placement, provoking a chronic inflammatory response by the host, which could potentially lead to total rejection of the implant.…”

“…To avoid this, Gallego-Perez, et al developed a simple strategy to obtain cytocompatible Portland cement based on the carbonation of the paste. The CO2 introduced during the hydration of Portland cement reacts with the Ca(OH)2 that is being formed to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which decreases the pH of the cement (~7.4), and provides a more compatible environment for cell growth [146,147,151]. More recently, a new method was developed ( Figure 10) for the production of cytocompatible Portland cement microparticles, which could be incorporated, along with nano-hydroxyapatite particles, in micropatterned bioactive coatings (Figure 9c-f) of interest to dental implantology [148][149][150].…”