Regulation of autophagy by lysosomal positioning

Autophagy Is a Protective Mechanism for Human Melanoma Cells under Acidic Stress

“…Moreover, it has also been reported that alkaline stress induces autophagy by inhibition of mTOR (70). Because exposure to alkaline medium is expected to induce partial alkalinization of pH i , this data would support a role for cytoplasmic alkalinization in induction of autophagy through mTOR inhibition (71).…”

Mycobacterial Induction of Autophagy Varies by Species and Occurs Independently of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibition

“…More recently, a new class of autophagy termed "xenophagy" (30) was identified as a means by which invading microorganisms could be sequestered and subjected to lysosomal degradation. BCG and pathogenic M. tuberculosis (H37Rv) were among the first bacteria shown to be destroyed by starvation or treatment with rapamycin (mTOR-dependent autophagy) (1,6,31). These seminal studies have been extended by Jagannath et al who demonstrated that rapamycin-induced (mTOR-dependent) autophagy could enhance adaptive immune responses to BCG (12), thus linking mTOR-dependent autophagy to immune protection.…”

The Microtubule-associated Protein EB1 Links AIM2 Inflammasomes with Autophagy-dependent Secretion

“…For the past few decades, researchers have examined cellular cargo trafficking (21), including the secretion of cytokines or growth factors. IL-1␤ secretion has been shown to depend on vesicular transport (18,19), and prior reports have shown that (i) autophagy acts on ubiquitinated inflammasomes (17); (ii) the intracellular trafficking of autophagosomes depends on the microtubule network; and (iii) the shedding of these vacuoles begins at the MTOC (14). Based on our present findings, we therefore hypothesize that in addition to being required for speck formation, EB1 also participates in inflammasome activation/IL-1␤ secretion by recruiting inflammasomes to the MTOC and regulating autophagy-dependent secretion.…”

“…This supports cellular homeostasis and the clearance of pathogens (12). The intracellular trafficking of autophagic vacuoles has been shown to require microtubules (14), suggesting that microtubule polymerization is important for autophagic movement. Interestingly, autophagy not only prevents cellular damage by clearing proteins and pathogens, it also participates in the unconventional secretion of certain factors (15,16).…”