Regional similarities and differences in mature human milk fatty acids in Chinese population: A systematic review

Sun, Han; Ren, Qiqi; Zhao, Xuejun; Tian, Yueyue; Pan, Jiancun; Wei, Qiaosi; Li, Yuanyuan; Chen, Yong; Zhang, Huaqin; Zhang, Wei; Jiang, Shilong

doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102184

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The remaining 2% of milk fat consists of monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, cholesterol, and free fatty acids. Milk fat metabolism includes the de novo synthesis of fatty acids, the synthesis of triglycerides, the formation of lipid droplets, and the uptake and transportation of fatty acids, which is a complicated process. , It is well-known that fatty acid desaturase 2 ( FADS2 ), fatty acid desaturase 1 ( FADS1 ), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 ( IDH1 ), catenin β-1 ( CTNNB1 ), transcription coactivator YAP , the JAK-STAT5 pathway, the HIPPO pathway, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and peroxisome proliferator activation receptors ( PPAR s) are key genes/signal transduction pathways involved in milk fat synthesis. , Research on milk fat metabolism at the mRNA level has been very systematic and thorough. However, the specific molecular regulation of this process is more complicated and is controlled by a variety of RNAs, such as circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circ11103 Interacts with miR-128/PPARGC1A to Regulate Milk Fat Metabolism in Dairy Cows

Chen

Liang

et al. 2021

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The quality of milk is inseparable from its milk components, and fatty acid content is a key factor affecting the quality of milk. In this study, the miRNA and mRNA profiles of the bovine mammary gland tissue during the dry period and the peak lactation period were determined through high-throughput sequencing. In total, 72 miRNA−mRNA regulatory pathways were screened, including miR-128/PPARGC1A regulatory pathways. miR-128 can directly target PPARGC1A and inhibit its expression. In addition, the study also observed that there was a miR-128 binding site in the sequence of the circular RNA circ11103, and circ11103 significantly reduced the expression of miR-128. circ11103 upregulated the triglyceride levels in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and increased the contents of unsaturated fatty acids. However, miR-128 decreased triglyceride and cholesterol levels in BMECs. This study aims to analyze the mechanism governing the regulatory effect of circ11103 on milk fat metabolism, which provides new insights into improving milk quality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circ11103 Interacts with miR-128/PPARGC1A to Regulate Milk Fat Metabolism in Dairy Cows

Chen

Liang

et al. 2021

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…20,21 The mean DHA proportion in our study was 0.49%, which was higher than the national mean value of 0.35% posted by a meta-analysis. 22 One likely explanation for these differences was the diversity of food choices across the country. Our results demonstrated a positive association between maternal freshwater fish consumption and milk DHA proportion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postpartum dietary intake, depression and the concentration of docosahexaenoic acid in mature breast milk in Wuhan, China

Chen

Wei²,

Zou

et al. 2023

Food Funct.

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“…Two recent systematic reviews focused on the BM composition of Chinese women [16,17]. One of these reviews was conducted with the specific aim of identifying regional differences in BM FA profiles [20]. It included 21 studies and categorized the regions of Based on this updated analysis, the country averages for LA and ALA range between 8.5 and 26.9% (Figure 1), and 0.3 and 2.65% of total FAs (Supplemental Table S1), respectively.…”

Section: Levels Of Main Pufas In Breast Milk Across Different Regions...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two recent systematic reviews focused on the BM composition of Chinese women [20,21]. One of these reviews was conducted with the specific aim of identifying regional differences in BM FA profiles [20].…”

Section: Levels Of Main Pufas In Breast Milk Across Different Regions...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Linoleic Acid on Infant Health in the Absence or Presence of DHA in Infant Formulas

Einerhand¹,

Mi²,

Haandrikman³

et al. 2023

Nutrients

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Both linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) are essential dietary fatty acids, and a balanced dietary supply of these is of the utmost importance for health. In many countries across the globe, the LA level and LA/ALA ratio in breast milk (BM) are high. For infant formula (IF), the maximum LA level set by authorities (e.g., Codex or China) is 1400 mg LA/100 kcal ≈ 28% of total fatty acid (FA) ≈ 12.6% of energy. The aims of this study are: (1) to provide an overview of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in BM across the world, and (2) to determine the health impact of different LA levels and LA/ALA ratios in IF by reviewing the published literature in the context of the current regulatory framework. The lipid composition of BM from mothers living in 31 different countries was determined based on a literature review. This review also includes data from infant studies (intervention/cohort) on nutritional needs regarding LA and ALA, safety, and biological effects. The impact of various LA/ALA ratios in IF on DHA status was assessed within the context of the current worldwide regulatory framework including China and the EU. Country averages of LA and ALA in BM range from 8.5–26.9% FA and 0.3–2.65% FA, respectively. The average BM LA level across the world, including mainland China, is below the maximum 28% FA, and no toxicological or long-term safety data are available on LA levels > 28% FA. Although recommended IF LA/ALA ratios range from 5:1 to 15:1, ratios closer to 5:1 seem to promote a higher endogenous synthesis of DHA. However, even those infants fed IF with more optimal LA/ALA ratios do not reach the DHA levels observed in breastfed infants, and the levels of DHA present are not sufficient to have positive effects on vision. Current evidence suggests that there is no benefit to going beyond the maximum LA level of 28% FA in IF. To achieve the DHA levels found in BM, the addition of DHA to IF is necessary, which is in line with regulations in China and the EU. Virtually all intervention studies investigating LA levels and safety were conducted in Western countries in the absence of added DHA. Therefore, well-designed intervention trials in infants across the globe are required to obtain clarity about optimal and safe levels of LA and LA/ALA ratios in IF.

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Regional similarities and differences in mature human milk fatty acids in Chinese population: A systematic review

Cited by 13 publications

References 36 publications

Circ11103 Interacts with miR-128/PPARGC1A to Regulate Milk Fat Metabolism in Dairy Cows

Circ11103 Interacts with miR-128/PPARGC1A to Regulate Milk Fat Metabolism in Dairy Cows

Postpartum dietary intake, depression and the concentration of docosahexaenoic acid in mature breast milk in Wuhan, China

The Impact of Linoleic Acid on Infant Health in the Absence or Presence of DHA in Infant Formulas

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