Refractive Change and Incidence of Myopia Among A Group of Highly Selected Senior High School Students in China: A Prospective Study in An Aviation Cadet Prerecruitment Class

Lu, Yao; Qi, Lishuang; Wang, Xuefeng; Qing, Tian; Yang, Qinghong; Wu, Teng-Yun; Chang, Yao-Ming; Zou, Zhikang

doi:10.1167/iovs.17-23506

Cited by 22 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Previous studies on the behavioural characteristics of juvenile myopia have mainly focused on time spent in outdoor activities, distance and time of near work, sleep, and other possible factors such as light exposure time and electronic product usage. The result that increased outdoor exercise time was a protective factor of myopia is consistent with many studies [ 10 , 21 , 23 – 25 ]. Having at least 60 minutes of daily exercise [ 23 ] or one additional hour of outdoor time per week [ 26 ] could reduce the odds of a child having myopia.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Similarly, female gender, higher grade, and parental myopia were associated with an increased risk of myopia in children [17,18]. In addition, other studies indicated that parental myopia was one of the risk factors for adolescents' myopia [19][20][21][22]. Regarding the demographic characteristics of our sample, in the myopia group, older age and parental myopia were risk factors for myopia, while male gender was a protective factor against myopia.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

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Correlation of Myopia with Physical Exercise and Sleep Habits among Suburban Adolescents

Yuan¹,

Yu²,

Cai³

2020

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose. To analyse the correlation of myopia with physical exercise and sleep habits to explore the possible risk or protective factors of juvenile myopia. Methods. This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study. A total of 1831 students aged 11–18 years from five schools in Qingpu completed questionnaires from 2018 to 2019; the students were divided into the nonmyopia group and the myopia group, with students in the myopia group having myopia in at least one eye. Based on the chi-square test, the variables with statistical significance were selected for the logistic regression analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined. Results. Myopia was positively associated with older age (OR = 2.216, 95% CI: 1.720–2.855), having a parent with myopia (father: OR = 2.463, 95% CI: 1.900–3.193; mother: OR = 2.853, 95% CI: 2.232–3.646), and a late bedtime during holidays (before 10 pm: p = 0.002; 10 pm-11 pm: OR = 1.516, 95% CI: 1.095–2.100; 11 pm-12 am: OR = 1.966, 95% CI: 1.383–2.795), but negatively correlated with male gender (OR = 0.693, 95% CI: 0.549–0.876), a late daily wake time (OR = 0.782, 95% CI: 0.621–0.985), and having more days per week of outdoor activities during the semester (OR = 0.764, 95% CI: 0.597–0.978). After adjustment for demographic characteristics, myopia was positively associated with a late bedtime during holidays (before 10 pm: p = 0.003; 10 pm-11 pm: OR = 1.570, 95% CI: 1.076–2.289; 11 pm-12 am: OR = 2.173, 95% CI: 1.451–3.253; after 12 am: OR = 1.786, 95% CI: 1.093–2.919), but negatively correlated with a late daily wake time during the semester (OR = 0.761, 95% CI: 0.581–0.997). Conclusion. The association of outdoor exercise with myopia among Chinese suburban adolescents does not seem to be as strong as that of sleep habits. Future research could seek to provide consistent evidence for a potential association between myopia and sleep habits.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Correlation of Myopia with Physical Exercise and Sleep Habits among Suburban Adolescents

Yuan¹,

Yu²,

Cai³

2020

Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…Parental myopia, age at the start of primary school, and weekly sleep duration were not associated with the onset of myopia. The results of the present study were similar to those of another study by our research team [19]. In that study, Yao et al found that more hyperopic baseline refraction was a protective factor for incident myopia, and less outdoor activity time and more near work time were risk factors for not only incident myopia but also refractive change.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Risk Factors for Incident Myopia among Teenaged Students of the Experimental Class of the Air Force in China

Wang

et al. 2019

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Background. In recent decades, the prevalence rate of myopia has markedly increased, especially among teenagers. Our purpose was to determine the incidence of myopia and identify the related risk factors among schoolchildren in the experimental classes of the Air Force in China. Methods. In May 2015, this 3-year prospective cohort study enrolled 522 boys (age, 14–16 years) attending grade 10 in 16 high schools in 15 cities in China. Cycloplegic refraction was examined using retinoscopy in both eyes at the baseline and follow-up (3 years). A detailed questionnaire was completed by the students at the 3-year follow-up and included questions on parental myopia and on the total time spent doing near work and outdoor activities each week. Results. The incidence of myopia at the 3-year follow-up was 27.01% (141/522, 95% confidence interval (CI): 23.38% to 30.98%). The refractive change was −0.46 D (95% CI: −0.49 to −0.42 D). More hyperopic or less myopic baseline refraction, outdoor activity time per week ≥14 h (odds ratio (OR) = 0.464, 95% CI: 0.227 to 0.950), and reading/writing distance ≥ 30 cm (OR = 0.505, 95% CI: 0.270 to 0.944) were significant protective factors against incident myopia. Near-work time ≥28 h per week was a significant risk factor (OR = 2.579, 95% CI: 1.314 to 5.061). Parental myopia, age at the start of primary school, continuous reading/writing for ≥1 h, sleep duration per week <49 h, and one or more dietary biases were not significant risk factors (P>0.05). Conclusion. A more hyperopic baseline refraction, more time spent outdoors, and longer writing/reading distance were protected against myopia onset, while more near-work time was a risk factor.

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“…Another recent longitudinal study in aviation cadets in China included 800 non‐myopic males (mean age 15 years) and found similar results (Yao et al. 2019). A comprehensive ocular examination and detailed questionnaire were given at baseline and each of two follow‐up visits.…”

Section: Recent Findingssupporting

confidence: 57%

A systematic review of near work and myopia: measurement, relationships, mechanisms and clinical corollaries

Gajjar

Ostrin

2021

Acta Ophthalmologica

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After decades of investigation, the role of near work in myopia remains unresolved, with some studies reporting no relationship and others finding the opposite. This systematic review is intended to summarize classic and recent literature investigating near work and the onset and progression of myopia, potential mechanisms and pertinent clinical recommendations. The impact of electronic device use is considered. PubMed and Medline were used to find peer‐reviewed cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies related to near work and myopia from 1980 to July 2020 using the PRISMA checklist. Studies were chosen using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist, with a focus on studies with a sample size greater than 50. Studies were independently evaluated; conclusions were drawn per these evaluations. Numerous cross‐sectional studies found increased odds ratio of myopia with increased near work. While early longitudinal studies failed to find this relationship, more recent longitudinal studies have found a relationship between myopia and near work. Rather than daily duration of near work, interest has increased regarding absolute working distance and duration of continuous near viewing. Several reports have found that shorter working distances (<30 cm) and continuous near‐work activity (>30 min) are risk factors for myopia onset and progression. Novel objective continuously measuring rangefinding devices have been developed to better address these questions. The literature is conflicting, likely due to the subjective and variable nature in which near work has been quantified and a paucity of longitudinal studies. We conclude that more precise objective measures of near viewing behaviour are necessary to make definitive conclusions regarding the relationship between myopia and near work. Focus should shift to utilizing objective and continuously measuring instruments to quantify near‐work behaviours in children, followed longitudinally, to understand the complex factors related to near work. A better understanding of the roles of absolute working distance, temporal properties, viewing breaks and electronic device use on myopia development and progression will aid in the development of evidence‐based clinical recommendations for behavioural modifications to prevent and slow myopia.

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Refractive Change and Incidence of Myopia Among A Group of Highly Selected Senior High School Students in China: A Prospective Study in An Aviation Cadet Prerecruitment Class

Abstract: Refractive change and incidence of myopia among a group of highly selected senior high school students in China: a prospective study in an aviation cadet prerecruitment class.

Cited by 22 publications

References 53 publications

Correlation of Myopia with Physical Exercise and Sleep Habits among Suburban Adolescents

Correlation of Myopia with Physical Exercise and Sleep Habits among Suburban Adolescents

Risk Factors for Incident Myopia among Teenaged Students of the Experimental Class of the Air Force in China

A systematic review of near work and myopia: measurement, relationships, mechanisms and clinical corollaries

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