Reference values for the concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

Abstract

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids.A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand.This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn.Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available.In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.

Zinc in Multiple Sclerosis

“…The differences in the procedure of blood sampling and Zn analysis will not have a great impact on the result of the meta-analysis as long as the procedure has been the same between patients with MS and HCs and will mostly increase the heterogeneity between the studies. This is because of the use of the random effects model that also assumes and accounts for the regional differences in Zn levels ( Iyengar, 1987 ). This is also the reason why the results of Forte et al.…”

In Vitro Activity Assays of Sputtered HAp Coatings with SiC Addition in Various Simulated Biological Fluids

“…Its presence was found at the mineralization front of growing bone [38], suggesting an involvement in early the calcification/mineralization of the bone matrix. Thus, silicon was selected for addition into the HAp structure, because it is an essential trace element found in small quantities in bones and other major organs, and its lack has been associated with bone and joint diseases [39][40][41][42][43].…”

Association of Maternal Diet With Zinc, Copper, and Iron Concentrations in Transitional Human Milk Produced by Korean Mothers

“…A study by Leotsinidis et al [ 13 ] further revealed that dietary habits play a role in determining mineral levels in human milk, while smoking affected copper levels. Similarly, both diet and environment have been shown to strongly influence zinc distribution [ 14 ].…”

“…During this period, the nutritional components and immune substances vary in human milk. Several researchers have reported that changes in trace elements concentrations, particularly zinc, copper, and iron in human milk can vary according to a mother's diet and its characteristics [ 12 14 ]. However, many studies have focused on examining the components of colostrum and mature milk, while data regarding the concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron in transitory human milk and in relation to maternal diet and environmental factors are limited.…”