Association of Maternal Diet With Zinc, Copper, and Iron Concentrations in Transitional Human Milk Produced by Korean Mothers

Abstract

The aims of this study were to evaluate zinc, copper, and iron concentrations in the transitory milk of Korean lactating mothers and to investigate the relationship between these concentrations and maternal diet. Human milk samples were collected between 5 and 15 days postpartum from 96 healthy, lactating mothers in postpartum care centers in Seoul, Korea. Dietary intake during lactation was determined based on a 3-day dietary record. The mean zinc, copper, and iron concentrations in the human milk samples collected were 3.88 ± 1.74 mg/L, 0.69 ± 0.25 mg/L, and 5.85 ± 8.53 mg/L, respectively. The mothers who consumed alcoholic beverages during pregnancy had tended to have lower concentrations of zinc and copper, as well as significantly lower concentrations of iron, in their milk (p < 0.047). In contrast, the mothers who took daily supplements had much higher iron concentrations in their milk (p = 0.002). Dietary intakes of zinc, copper, and iron during lactation did not affect the concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron in the milk samples analyzed. Intakes of vitamin C, selenium, and iodine were associated with the concentration of copper in the milk samples analyzed, and consumption of food categorized as 'meat and meat products' was positively associated with the concentration of zinc. Consumption of rice was the top contributor to the concentrations of all three minerals. In conclusion, associations between maternal diet and nutrient concentrations in transitory human milk can provide useful information, particularly in regard to infant growth.

Copper Metabolism of Newborns Is Adapted to Milk Ceruloplasmin As a Nutritive Source of Copper

“…The same pattern of Cp gene expression was reproduced in vitro in the PMC42-LA mammary epithelial cell culture models [133]. The activity level of the Cp gene expression in the cells of the mammary gland does not depend on the availability of copper in the female's diet or Cp levels in the blood [134,135]. Thus, the cells of the mammary gland produce a tissue-specific molecular form of soluble Cp, and the concentration of that Cp is strictly regulated at the transcription and splice levels in during pregnancy and lactation.…”

Analysis of Magnesium, Zinc and Copper Levels of Mothers' Milk of Preterm and Term Infants

“…[10][11][12] Çalışmamızda, tüm bu faktörlerin yanı sıra, annelerin eğitim durumu ve yaşadıkları yer (kırsal kesim-şehir merkezi) ile anne sütlerindeki element içerikleri değerlendiril-miş olup anlamlı fark saptanmadığı görülmüştür. Sütlerin element içeriğini etkileyen diğer bir faktörün ise gestasyonel yaş olduğu görülmektedir.…”

Zinkmangel als Ursache eines „Dekubitus“ beim Frühgeborenen?

“…Anreicherungspulver für Frauenmilch 5 1,0-1,3 1 Durchschnittswert aus mehreren Quellen [11][12][13][14][15][16] Einen indirekten Hinweis auf einen Zinkmangel kann auch eine niedrige Alkalische Phosphatase (AP) geben, die zu den wichtigsten Zink-abhängigen Enzymen zählt (und einen relativen Vitamin D-Mangel deshalb auch nur dann anzeigen kann, wenn ausreichend Zink vorhanden ist!). Hier war die AP mit 237 U/l zwar nominell normwertig, aber für die Verhältnisse von sehr kleinen Frühgeborenen doch vergleichsweise niedrig; im Verlauf stieg sie auf 446 U/l (nach ca.…”