2015
DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.011898
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Reference-less measurement of the transmission matrix of a highly scattering material using a DMD and phase retrieval techniques

Abstract: This paper investigates experimental means of measuring the transmission matrix (TM) of a highly scattering medium, with the simplest optical setup. Spatial light modulation is performed by a digital micromirror device (DMD), allowing high rates and high pixel counts but only binary amplitude modulation. On the sensor side, without a reference beam, the CCD camera provides only intensity measurements. Within this framework, this paper shows that the TM can still be retrieved, through signal processing techniqu… Show more

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Cited by 217 publications
(148 citation statements)
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“…However, recently, researchers began to notice that the seemingly random scattering events and the resultant speckles are actually deterministic within a certain temporal window [37,38], and it is possible to reverse [39][40][41] or compensate for [42] the scattering-induced phase scrambling. To do so, researchers have developed several wavefront shaping (sometimes also referred to wavefront engineering) techniques, such as iterative wavefront optimization [23][24][25][26]28,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51], measuring the transmission matrix of the scattering medium [21,22,[52][53][54][55][56], and optical time reversal via phase conjugation [39,40,[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. Nevertheless, the goals of these implementations are identical, i.e., to make light wavelets traveling along different optical paths interfere coherently at a region of interest (ROI) and form a bright optical spot (focus) out of the much darker background.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, recently, researchers began to notice that the seemingly random scattering events and the resultant speckles are actually deterministic within a certain temporal window [37,38], and it is possible to reverse [39][40][41] or compensate for [42] the scattering-induced phase scrambling. To do so, researchers have developed several wavefront shaping (sometimes also referred to wavefront engineering) techniques, such as iterative wavefront optimization [23][24][25][26]28,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51], measuring the transmission matrix of the scattering medium [21,22,[52][53][54][55][56], and optical time reversal via phase conjugation [39,40,[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. Nevertheless, the goals of these implementations are identical, i.e., to make light wavelets traveling along different optical paths interfere coherently at a region of interest (ROI) and form a bright optical spot (focus) out of the much darker background.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, because of the refractive index inhomogeneity, light is scattered when propagating through scattering media. To focus light through such turbid media, researchers have developed a number of wavefront shaping techniques, including feedback-based methods [9,10], optical phase conjugation [11][12][13][14] and transmission matrix methods [15][16][17][18]. Feedback-based methods employ a spatial light modulator (SLM) to continuously shape the wavefront of the incident light while monitoring the feedback signal from a guidestar which is proportional to the light intensity at a target location.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These matrices provide the phase information required to control the resultant light scatter [8][9][10][11]. These transmission matrices were measured with microscopic objectives and thin films of turbid media, resulting in a propagation distance of less than 1 mm and an observation plane field of view of a few hundred microns.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%