Optical logic operations lie at the heart of optical computing, and they enable many applications such as ultrahighspeed information processing. However, the reported optical logic gates rely heavily on the precise control of input light signals, including their phase difference, polarization, and intensity and the size of the incident beams. Due to the complexity and difficulty in these precise controls, the two output optical logic states may suffer from an inherent instability and a low contrast ratio of intensity. Moreover, the miniaturization of optical logic gates becomes difficult if the extra bulky apparatus for these controls is considered. As such, it is desirable to get rid of these complicated controls and to achieve full logic functionality in a compact photonic system. Such a goal remains challenging. Here, we introduce a simple yet universal design strategy, capable of using plane waves as the incident signal, to perform optical logic operations via a diffractive neural network. Physically, the incident plane wave is first spatially encoded by a specific logic operation at the input layer and further decoded through the hidden layers, namely, a compound Huygens' metasurface. That is, the judiciously designed metasurface scatters the encoded light into one of two small designated areas at the output layer, which provides the information of output logic states. Importantly, after training of the diffractive neural network, all seven basic types of optical logic operations can be realized by the same metasurface. As a conceptual illustration, three logic operations (NOT, OR, and AND) are experimentally demonstrated at microwave frequencies.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor of which the occurrence and development, the tumorigenicity of HCC is involving in multistep and multifactor interactions. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a multifunctional inflammatory cytokine, has increased expression in HCC patients and is closely related to the occurrence of HCC and prognosis. IL-6 plays a role by binding to the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and then triggering the Janus kinase (JAK) associated with the receptor, stimulating phosphorylation and activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to initiate downstream signals, participating in the processes of anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance of cancer cells. IL-6/STAT3 signal axes elicit an immunosuppressive in tumor microenvironment, it is important to therapy HCC by blocking the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Recent, some inhibitors of IL-6/STAT3 have been development, such as S31-201 or IL-6 neutralizing monoclonal antibody (IL-6 mAb), Madindoline A (Inhibits the dimerization of IL-6/IL-6R/gpl30 trimeric complexes), C188-9 and Curcumin (Inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation), etc. for treatment of cancers. Overall, consideration of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway, and its role in the carcinogenesis and progression of HCC will contribute to the development of potential drugs for targeting treatment of liver cancer.

GaN/AlGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) are grown on a 2 01-oriented β-Ga2O3 substrate. The optical and structural characterizations of the MQW structure are compared with a similar structure grown on sapphire. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images show that the MQW structure exhibits higher crystalline quality of welldefined quantum wells, when compared to a similar structure grown on sapphire. X-ray diffraction rocking curve and photoluminescence excitation analyses confirm a lower density of dislocation defects in the sample grown on β-Ga2O3 substrate. Detailed analysis of time-integrated and time

Figure S1 | Comparison of FLUX with the guidestar-assisted wavefront shaping technique in terms of the vulnerability to speckle decorrelation. a. Dynamic samples such as in vivo tissue lead to exponential light field decorrelation over time. b. In digital optical phase conjugation, the fastest guidestar-assisted wavefront shaping technique, a sequence of steps needs to be completed before the shaped light returns to tissue and excites a fluorescent target. Therefore, the field decorrelation during the runtime of the entire cycle determines the system performance. As such, wavefront shaping is not effective because of the significant field decorrelation shown in the figure. c. Signal flow of FLUX. Fluorescence measurement and ultrasound modulated light measurement take place simultaneously, after which the signals will not interact with the sample again, and the speckle decorrelation during data transfer and processing decouple from the system performance. Therefore, this method is much more immune to speckle decorrelation.

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Infrared light scattering methods have been developed and employed to non-invasively monitor human cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, the number of reflected photons that interact with the brain is low when detecting blood flow in deep tissue. To tackle this photon-starved problem, we present and demonstrate the idea of interferometric speckle visibility spectroscopy (ISVS). In ISVS, an interferometric detection scheme is used to boost the weak signal light. The blood flow dynamics are inferred from the speckle statistics of a single frame speckle pattern. We experimentally demonstrated the improvement in the measurement of fidelity by introducing interferometric detection when the signal photon number is low. We apply the ISVS system to monitor the human CBF in situations where the light intensity is ∼100-fold less than that in common diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) implementations. Due to the large number of pixels (∼2 × 105) used to capture light in the ISVS system, we are able to collect a similar number of photons within one exposure time as in normal DCS implementations. Our system operates at a sampling rate of 100 Hz. At the exposure time of 2 ms, the average signal photoelectron number is ∼0.95 count/pixel, yielding a single pixel interferometric measurement signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of ∼0.97. The total ∼2 × 105 pixels provide an expected overall SNR of 436. We successfully demonstrate that the ISVS system is able to monitor the human brain pulsatile blood flow, as well as the blood flow change when a human subject is doing a breath-holding task.

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With 300 Gy of [ 60Co] γ-ray radiation of dry wheat seeds of Vortex 9722, the protein content, wet gluten content, sedimentation value, and hardness variation were analyzed in 341 lines in M4. Using over population mean ± 2X standard deviation as the screening standard, 8 lines with higher protein and wet gluten content and 4 lines with lower protein and wet gluten content were selected. In the M5 generation, the quality traits -silty parameters and high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) -were further analyzed in these 12 lines. The results showed that in the M5 generation, the quality traits in some variants were significantly different from those in the parents; the farinograms varied greatly. Eleven variants had significantly different HMW-GS bands compared to their parents. The parents had a HMW-GS composition of 5 + 14 + 15 + 12 + 9, and the variants had HMW-GS of 11 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 12 subunits or 1 + 5 + 7 + 8 + 12 subunits, indicating that the glutenin loci of these lines were mutated.