Referees’ Decision-making and Player Gender: The Moderating Role of the Type of Situation

Souchon, Nicolas; Cabagno, Genevieve; Traclet, Alan; Dosseville, Fabrice; Livingstone, Andrew; Jones, Marc V.; Maio, Gregory R.

doi:10.1080/10413200903250476

Cited by 23 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Referees in team contact sports are not meant to intervene automatically when players commit a transgression in the field; rather, they must judge both the victims' performance after the defensive transgression and the danger of the foul. Specifically, they must consider whether the victim player can still profit from his or her action after the foul and whether the foul presented a hazard to the safety of the victimized player (Souchon et al, 2010). These judgments are full of ambiguity, and referees tend to use multiple decision cues, or judgmental heuristics, to help them make their decisions (Plessner, Schweizer, Brand, & O'Hare, 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Stereotypes, which are a kind of judgmental heuristic, can be defined as the sum of beliefs, knowledge, and expectations that individuals develop toward the members of social categories (Hamilton & Sherman, 1994). Research has shown that referees' decisions may be influenced by stereotypes relating to competition level and by gender stereotypes (Souchon, Coulomb-Cabagno, Traclet, & Rascle, 2004;Souchon, Cabagno, Rascle et al, 2009;Souchon et al, 2010). For example, if referees hold a stereotype of women as less competent than men in masculine domains such as team contact sports (Deaux & Lafrance, 1998) and that women should not be aggressive (Burgess & Borgida, 1999;Rudman & Kilianski, 2000), then this stereotype may create expectations that female players are more likely to be neutralized or perturbed by the foul and lead referees to appraise the transgressing female player as being more aggressive.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…For example, if referees hold a stereotype of women as less competent than men in masculine domains such as team contact sports (Deaux & Lafrance, 1998) and that women should not be aggressive (Burgess & Borgida, 1999;Rudman & Kilianski, 2000), then this stereotype may create expectations that female players are more likely to be neutralized or perturbed by the foul and lead referees to appraise the transgressing female player as being more aggressive. Consequently, female players tend to be more severely sanctioned than male players in team contact sports (Souchon et al, 2004;Souchon, Cabagno, Rascle, et al, 2009;Souchon et al, 2010) and pervasive gender bias in refereeing decisions potentially present a significant barrier to women's feeling free to pursue their sporting interests, including the freedom to play like men if they want to or to not conform to arbitrary stereotypes of femininity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Referees’ Expertise, Gender, Motivation, and Time Constraints on Decisional Bias Against Women

Souchon

Livingstone

Maio

2013

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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The influence of player gender on referees’ decision making was experimentally investigated. In Experiment 1, including 145 male handball referees, we investigated (a) the influence of referees’ level of expertise on their decisional biases against women and (b) the referees’ gender stereotypes. Results revealed that biases against women were powerful regardless of the referees’ level of expertise and that male referees’ stereotype toward female players tends to be negative. In Experiment 2, including 115 sport science students, we examined the influence of the participants’ gender, motivation to control bias, and time constraints on gender bias. Results indicated that participants’ gender had no impact on gender bias and that participants were able to reduce this bias in conditions in which they were motivated to control the bias.

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The Influence of Referees’ Expertise, Gender, Motivation, and Time Constraints on Decisional Bias Against Women

Souchon

Livingstone

Maio

2013

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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“…Although some research has already been done on how player gender can influence decision-making by referees in handball (Souchon et al, 2010), more work in this area is necessary. Finally, it would be interesting to analyze different championships over time to monitor the influence of new rules and regulations and changes in refereeing practice and performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decision-Making by Handball Referees: Design of an ad hoc Observation Instrument and Polar Coordinate Analysis

et al. 2017

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Referees are essential for sports such as handball. However, there are few tools available to analyze the activity of handball referees. The aim of this study was to design an instrument for observing the behavior of referees in handball competitions and to analyze the resulting data by polar coordinate analysis. The instrument contained 6 criteria and 18 categories and can be used to monitor and describe the actions of handball referees according to their role/position on the playing court. For the data quality control analysis, we calculated Pearson's (0.99), Spearman's (0.99), and Tau Kendall's (1.00) correlation coefficients and Cohen's kappa (entre 0.72 y 0.75) and Phi (entre 0.83 y 0.87) coefficients. In the generalizability analysis, the absolute and relative generalizability coefficients were 0.99 in both cases. Polar coordinate analysis of referee decisions showed that correct calls were more common for central court and 7-meter throw calls. Likewise, calls were more likely to be incorrect (in terms of both errors of omission and commission) when taken from the goal-line position.

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“…Summarizing his long-years experience, Miíelis Rubenis, the football referee of the International category from Latvia, agrees that to lead a game at a high quality level a referee should do it in a way that his whistle is heard as seldom as possible. But his presence and actions have to be seen on the whole court by both players and spectators [21].…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model characterizing sports game referees

Rudzītis

Kalejs

Licis

2014

SHS Web of Conferences

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Abstract.The question concerning such a person who is forced to work in the conditions of increased stress and about work safety still is a psycho-physiological part of a broader problem. Referees of sports games can also be added to this group as this occupation has become their profession. Today, there is a situation that in order to enroll the most suitable individuals in this job position it is necessary to select the candidates for sports game referees according to strictly worked-out criteria. The aim of the study was to investigate the abilities characterizing high quality sports game referees. 18 international level referees of sports games in Latvia were selected as subjects of the research. To state the subjects' physical ability, functional state, psychological peculiarities the following were applied: a computerized testing device "Omega" was used to assess the functional state of the body; situation alertness, psycho-emotional stability, self-regulation ability and motivation were stated with the help of tests used in sport psychology; simple reactions and the quickness of alternative reaction were measured using the computer system Vienna Test System. 16 parameters of each subject were obtained, and they were processed using Factor analysis -closed variant of the main components with the following turning of the referent axis according to the Varimax criterion. With the Factor analysis nine main factors were obtained characterizing sports game referees. Their contribution in the common dispersion is 93.7%. Seven factors of higher value were interpreted, and they were as follows: choice reaction time, its contribution in the dispersion 30.31%; functional state of the body and readiness (17.92%); correctness of the answers in choice reaction time test (the quality of the decisions made) 15.40%; the simple reaction time (9.02%); IQ coefficient (7.20%); psychological preparedness (5.01%) and the ability to concentrate (4.80%). The quickness of the alternative reaction and the quality of the decision made in this situation were the most important abilities characterizing high quality referees. The second most significant parameter is the functional and physical abilities of referees. Psychological ability and preparedness are important for referees. It is supposed that developing the above mentioned components a more successful preparation of sport game referees will be possible.

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Referees’ Decision-making and Player Gender: The Moderating Role of the Type of Situation

Cited by 23 publications

References 20 publications

The Influence of Referees’ Expertise, Gender, Motivation, and Time Constraints on Decisional Bias Against Women

The Influence of Referees’ Expertise, Gender, Motivation, and Time Constraints on Decisional Bias Against Women

Decision-Making by Handball Referees: Design of an ad hoc Observation Instrument and Polar Coordinate Analysis

Model characterizing sports game referees

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