“…The APRN specific studies considered above, though not exclusive or specific to CRNAs, foreshadow important implications of the twin facts that the nurse anesthesia specialty endures unusually high rates of substance abuse among healthcare professions (Bell, McDonough, Ellison, & Fitzhugh, 1999;Hamza & Monroe, 2011;Wright et al, 2012) and that males find their largest numbers in this specialty (USCB, 2013;AANA, 2015). The US Bureau of Labor Statistics characterizes the primary workspace of nurse anesthetists as physician offices, hospitals, and outpatient care centers and places them geographically in sync with the general population spread of the US (2015).…”