Reduced Graphene Oxide/TEMPO-Nanocellulose Nanohybrid-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for the Determination ofMycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract

A novel peptide nuclide acid (PNA) electrochemical biosensor based on reduced graphene oxide (NH2-rGO)/2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl nanocrystalline cellulose (TEMPO-NCC) for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. Tuberculosis) is described. In this study, the nanohybrid films NH2-rGO/TEMPO-NCC were immobilized onto screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) via a simple drop-coating method. The electrochemical characterization of the designed electrode was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Meanwhile, the sensitivity and selectivity of the designed biosensor against M. tuberculosis were measured by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The response of the PNA probe-modified (NH2-rGO)/TEMPO-NCC demonstrated that the fabricated biosensor was able to distinguish between complementary, noncomplementary, and one-base mismatch DNA sequences using methylene blue (MB) as the electrochemical indicator. The developed electrochemical biosensor exhibited a linear calibration curve in the concentration range of 1×10−8 M to 1×10−13 M with the limit of detection of 3.14×10−14 M. The developed electrochemical biosensor has also been tested with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of M. tuberculosis DNA which has shown successful results in distinguishing between negative and positive samples of M. tuberculosis.

DNA Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Iron Oxide/Nanocellulose Crystalline Composite Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

“…The results from CV demonstrate that CTAB was able to provide conductive properties to NCC in order to accelerate the electron transfer on the electrode surface. As previously reported, the introduction of the CTAB surfactant has increased the dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and the dispersive effect of nanoparticles increases the conductive probability [27,37]. The results also show that the electroactive surface area of SPCE/MPA-Fe 3 O 4 /NCC/CTAB was increased by approximately 54.5% compared to the bare SPCE.…”

“…This increment shows the ability of the developed electrochemical for providing a wide area platform [32] for DNA immobilization; thus, it can influence the sensitivity of detection [18,38]. Furthermore, the linearity of the plots has suggested that the electron transfer occurred was due to the diffusion-controlled electron transfer process [27,39].…”

“…The NCC offers a plethora of outstanding properties, such as low toxicity, eco-friendly, high surface area, and good biocompatibility that can be functionalized easily by using different functional groups [24,25]. Previously, the NCC has been composited with polypyrrole [26], graphene oxide [27], gold nanoparticle [28], and has successfully become a scaffolding material for immobilization enzymes, DNA and other biomolecules to demonstrate the excellent synergistic effect that boosted electrochemical performance.…”

Graphene biosensors for bacterial and viral pathogens

“…Recently, they modified the above PNA-GO biosensor for more sensitive detection of M. Tuberculosis DNA by replacing NH 2 -GO/QDs nanocomposites with amine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (NH 2 -rGO) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) oxyl nanocrystalline cellulose (TEMPO-NCC) nanomaterials ( Fig. 4 C) ( Zaid et al, 2020 ). According to the results, this improved PNA biosensor showed a more extensive linear range (10 −13 -10 −8 M) and a lower detection limit (3.14 × 10 −14 M) than the previous study.…”

Cellulose Nanocrystals/Graphene Hybrids—A Promising New Class of Materials for Advanced Applications

“…Nowadays, various unmodified CNC/RGO hybrids were actively explored for different applications such as sensors, flexible electronics, supercapacitors and photonic devices [174]. Several approaches used to produce some unmodified CNC/RGO hybrids have been reported for which the common method used to produce CNC/GO can be applied.…”