Red ginseng extract regulates differentiation of monocytes to macrophage and inflammatory signalings in human monocytes

Abstract

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of red ginseng extract (RGE) on monocyte to macrophage differentiation and inflammatory signalings in THP-1 human monocytes. In HPLC analysis, RGE contained saponin level of 516 lg/mg (extract) with 14 ginsenosides. RGE effectively suppressed the monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetated (PMA) by inhibiting the THP-1 cell adhesion. This result is evidenced by the down-regulation of cluster of differentiation molecule b (CD11b) and CD36. RGE significantly reduced translocation of nuclear factor kappalight-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-jB) (78%), while cytosolic NF-jB was increased (53%), compared with LPS group. In addition, RGE significantly increased the protein abundance of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and its target protein, hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), but, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), a negative regulator of Nrf2, was greatly decreased by RGE. Furthermore, RGE effectively mediated the regulation of Nrf2 level in nucleus and cytoplasm of THP-1.

Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: Pharmacology of stress‐ and aging‐related diseases

“… Adaptogens downregulate NF‐kB translocation and expression, NF‐kB signaling, and NF‐kB mediated inflammation 326,336,434,436,437,441,545–560 ; adaptogens downregulate Fos and Jnk, the components of AP‐1 transcription factor (Table 9), which regulates many genes involved in cell proliferation, migration, ROS production, and extracellular matrix degradation 17,502,561 ; adaptogens switch FoxO‐dependent responses from apoptosis promotion to stress‐resistance in response to oxidative stress 95 ; and adaptogens activate Nrf2 signaling. Normally, Nrf2 is located in bound form in the cytosol with reduced kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1).…”

“…Normally, Nrf2 is located in bound form in the cytosol with reduced kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1). Dissociated Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus, where it triggers the transcription of phase II or other adaptive response genes, including enzymes involved in GSH metabolism, NQO1,2, and HO‐1 226,550,553,554,558,561–577 …”

“…Adaptogens downregulate NF‐kB translocation and expression, NF‐kB signaling, and NF‐kB mediated inflammation 326,336,434,436,437,441,545–560 ;…”

“…502 Translocation of NF-kB into the nucleus triggers the expression of multiple genes involved in inflammation. 502 • Adaptogens downregulate NF-kB translocation and expression, NF-kB signaling, and NF-kB mediated inflammation 326,336,434,436,437,441,[545][546][547][548][549][550][551][552][553][554][555][556][557][558][559][560] ;…”

“…Dissociated Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus, where it triggers the transcription of phase II or other adaptive response genes, including enzymes involved in GSH metabolism, NQO1,2, and HO-1. 226,550,553,554,558,[561][562][563][564][565][566][567][568][569][570][571][572][573][574][575][576][577] The efficacy of adaptogens in the treatment of acute respiratory tract diseases is possibly also partially associated with the downregulation of proinflammatory NF-kB signaling in various cells and tissues involved in the acute inflammatory response.…”