“…In addition to phospholipase A2 and hyaluronidase, bee venom contains the toxic peptide melittin which acts as a detergent, enhancing the effects of phospholipase A2 on renal tubular cells, muscle cells and red blood cells. In addition, other biologically active substances like histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, phosphomonoesterase, α-d-glucosidase, kinins and peptides can trigger the inflammatory cascade many folds 3. Alternatively, patients may develop acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to anaphylactic shock.…”