Reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex: an update

Farhadi, Jian; Maksvytyte, Giedra K.; Schaefer, Dirk J.; Pierer, Gerhard; Scheufler, Oliver

doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2005.08.006

Cited by 124 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…A variety of techniques have been described for reconstruction of the NAC. The most popular methods involve the use of local flaps (1). Criticisms of these techniques have included the following: NAC distortion secondary to contractile forces on local tissue during healing, NAC atrophy secondary to loss of adipose tissue and NAC tissue necrosis secondary to a poor vascular supply (15,17,18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, this procedure occurs three to four months following creation of the breast mound and can be performed effectively and safely under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis (1). Although a minor procedure, the final appearance of the NAC has a significant impact on the overall aesthetics of the reconstructed breast.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These techniques have included the star flap, skate flap, arrow flap, tab flap, S-flap, C-V flap, cylindrical flap, H-flap and pinwheel flap, among others (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Regardless of the technique used, the primary goal of NAC reconstruction is the attainment of symmetry in nipple position, shape, size, pigmentation and texture (1,13,14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, the majority of surgeons use various forms of either a single or double subdermal pedicled flap in combination with skin grafting and tattooing to recreate the NAC (1). Despite the myriad of techniques in nipple reconstruction, no single approach has emerged as the gold standard.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Nipple reconstruction using a two-step purse-string suture technique

Laeken¹,

Genoway²

2011

J Plastic Surgery

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nipple reconstruction using a two-step purse-string suture technique

Laeken¹,

Genoway²

2011

J Plastic Surgery

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“…Esta fase é crítica para acrescentar o realismo e a simetria da mama 3 . O primeiro retalho local para reconstrução do mamilo foi descrito por Berson 5 em 1946 e para sua realização eram utilizados três retalhos triangulares de pele total.Em 2005, Farhadi et al 6 publicaram uma atualização sobre a reconstrução do CAP. Nesse artigo, eles apontam quatro princípios básicos descritos para obter sucesso: 1.…”

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Reconstrução do complexo areolo-papilar: do que dispomos atualmente?

Ramos¹,

Strassburger²,

Uebel³

et al. 2016

Rev Bras Mastologia

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RESUMOA reconstrução do complexo areolo-papilar finaliza a reconstrução da mama após a mastectomia e melhora a satisfação das pacientes com o resultado final. Esta fase é crítica para acrescentar o realismo e a simetria da mama. Dentre as várias técnicas descritas, o uso de retalhos locais apresenta melhores resultados, apesar das desvantagens como, perda excessiva da projeção do mamilo e dificuldade técnica em mamas reconstituídas com implantes mamários, devido à pouca gordura subcutânea. O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma revisão sobre as técnicas a disposição atualmente respeito à reconstrução do completo areolo-papilar. ABSTRACT Reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex concludes breast reconstruction after mastectomy. This procedure improves patient satisfaction. This phase is critical to add realism and symmetry to the breast. Among the various techniques described, the use of local flaps presents better results IntroduçãoA reconstrução do complexo areolo-papilar (CAP) finaliza a reconstrução da mama após a mastectomia e melhora a satisfação das pacientes com o resultado final [1][2][3] . A reconstrução ideal deve proporcionar boa simetria, cor, textura e projeção, comparável com a mama normal 4 . Esta fase é crítica para acrescentar o realismo e a simetria da mama 3 . O primeiro retalho local para reconstrução do mamilo foi descrito por Berson 5 em 1946 e para sua realização eram utilizados três retalhos triangulares de pele total.Em 2005, Farhadi et al. 6 publicaram uma atualização sobre a reconstrução do CAP. Nesse artigo, eles apontam quatro princípios básicos descritos para obter sucesso: 1. O tempo ótimo para reconstrução ocorre aproximadamente entre 3 e 4 meses após a reconstrução mamária (embora alguns autores proponham a reconstrução mamilar simultânea a da mama). 2. Em uma reconstrução unilateral, o mamilo contralateral deve servir como modelo, adaptando a posição às assimetrias da mama residual.

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Immediate nipple reconstruction with thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in breast reconstruction by latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap in patients with Poland's syndrome

Wang

et al. 2015

Microsurgery

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Loss of long-term projection is the major disadvantage of nipple reconstruction using local flaps. We report a technique of immediate perforator flap nipple reconstruction in breast reconstruction by latissimus dorsi (LD) myocutaneous flap in patients with Poland's syndrome. From March 2007 to July 2012, 12 female patients (age range, 15-21 years) underwent breast reconstructions and immediate nipple reconstructions. A thoracodorsal artery perforator (TAP) flap was simultaneously raised on the LD muscle flap and folded by itself to form the nipple. Both the LD flap and TAP flaps survived postoperatively. The nipple projection was measured by a caliper, and the average loss was 29% by the 1-year follow-up. Eleven patients considered the aesthetic appearance of reconstructed breast and nipple to be very good or good. The immediate nipple reconstruction with TAP flap could be safely performed and results in considerable satisfaction in breast reconstruction by LD myocutaneous flap in patients with Poland's syndrome.

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Reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex: an update

Cited by 124 publications

References 69 publications

Nipple reconstruction using a two-step purse-string suture technique

Nipple reconstruction using a two-step purse-string suture technique

Reconstrução do complexo areolo-papilar: do que dispomos atualmente?

Immediate nipple reconstruction with thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in breast reconstruction by latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap in patients with Poland's syndrome

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