Recognition masking of auditory duration

Kallman, Howard J.; Hirtle, Stephen C.; Davidson, Denise

doi:10.3758/bf03207593

Cited by 13 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…(see, e.g., Shiffrin, 1976). A substantial body of evidence indicates that both forward masking and backward masking markedly impair duration-discrimination performance on ftlled auditory intervals in the range of approximately 40-90 msec (e.g., Allan & Rousseau, 1977;Kallman, Beckstead, & Cameron, 1988;Kallman, Hirtle, & Davidson, 1986;Kallman & Morris, 1984). Although the effect of masking on duration discrimination of ftlled auditory~tervals has been established, to our knowledge no studies have been performed to compare the effect of masking on ftlled as opposed to empty auditory interv~s.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…However, one problem with this "interruption" interpretation is that Kallman and his colleagues (Kallman et al, 1988;Kallman et al, 1986) have found that forward masking and backward masking exert equivalent effects on filled auditory durations, which led them to conclude that an interruption theory of backward duration masking is not likely to be correct. Furthermore, Kallman et al (1988), studying the effects of ipsilateral and contralateral forward and backward masking with varying interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between target and mask, found marked increases in percentages correct under every combination of mask ear and mask position due to increases in lSI.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If a more complex mode is more prone to error than the simplest mode, it should be the case that empty intervals are processed less accurately than filled intervals. Furthermore, Kallmanand colleagues (Kallman et al, 1988;Kallman et al, 1986) have found evidence that the addition of auditory masking results in an increase in "misassignments" by the central timekeeper, and it is likely that misassignments will be more frequent in a complex switch mode thanin a simple switch mode, thus causing empty intervals to suffer more from masking than filled intervals do.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another possibility that could explain better performance with filled intervals than with empty intervals is based on the "misassignment" hypothesis of Kallman and his colleagues (Kallman et al, 1988;Kallman et al, 1986), which, as noted above, was inspired by their findings that forward and backward masking have equivalent effects on duration discrimination with filled auditory intervals. Equivalence of forward and backward masking suggests that both types of masking effects result from misassignment by a central timekeeper of pulses generated by an internal pacemaker.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Duration discrimination of filled and empty auditory intervals: Cognitive and perceptual factors

Rammsayer

Lima

1991

Perception & Psychophysics

237

213

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Adult subjects were presented with two auditory stimuli per trial, and their task was to decide which ofthe two was longer in duration. An adaptive psychophysical procedure was used. In Experiments 1, 2, and 4, the base duration was 50 msec, whereas in Experiment 3, the base duration was 1 sec. In Experiments 1,2, and 4, it was found that filled intervals (continuous tones) were discriminated more accurately than empty intervals (with onset and offset marked by clicks). It was concluded that this difference was perceptual rather than cognitive in nature, since performance on filled and empty intervals was not affected by increasing cognitive load in a dual-task procedure (Experiment 2) but was affected by backward masking (Experiment 4). In contrast, the results of Experiment 3 showed that duration discrimination of filled auditory intervals oflonger duration was cognitively influenced, since performance was impaired by increasing cognitive load. Implications for notions of perceptual processing and timing mechanisms underlying differences in duration discrimination with filled and empty intervals are discussed.There are two types of stimuli used in time perception studies. One type is the empty (silent) interval and the other type is the filled interval. In auditorily marked empty intervals, for example, only the onset and the offset of the interval are marked by clicks, whereas in filled intervals, a tone or noise burst is presented continuously throughout the interval. Thus, in empty intervals, there is no auditory stimulus presented during the interval itself. Surprisingly, there are very few published studies on the influence of filled versus empty intervals on performance in time perception experiments involving brief intervals (i.e., intervals less than 1 sec in duration).In her review article, Allan (1979) suggested that given the results of two duration-discrimination studies reported by Abel (1972aAbel ( , 1972b, one can conclude that performance with filled intervals appears to be more accurate than performance with empty intervals. However, this comparison was not the focus of Abel's studies. In a study by Craig (1973), subjects had to adjust the time between two lOOO-Hz tones until it appeared equal in duration to the first tone. Craig found a constant error in the percepPortions of this research were presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, in San Francisco, August 1991. Preparation of this article was supported by NIH Grant AG09130-01 to Susan O. Lima. We thank Lester Krueger, Lorraine Allan, and Lloyd Avant for helpful comments. Correspondence may be addressed to Thomas H. Rammsayer, Department of Psychology, University of Giessen, Otto-Behaghel Str. lOF, 0-6300 Giessen, Germany (e-mail: Thoram@DGIHRZOI.bitnet).tion of empty intervals relative to filled intervals. This finding joins those of Abel (1972aAbel ( , 1972b in suggesting that performance on filled intervals is more accurate than performance on empty intervals. Although Craig concluded that different ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Duration discrimination of filled and empty auditory intervals: Cognitive and perceptual factors

Rammsayer

Lima

1991

Perception & Psychophysics

237

213

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“…It was suggested that processing of short durations might differ from processing of longer durations, especially when these are presented with longer ISIs. For instance, memory processes, interference between stimuli, and backward and forward masking might play a crucial role (Allan & Rousseau, 1977;Kallman & Morris, 1984;Kallman, Hirtle, & Davidson, 1986;Rammsayer & Lima, 1991). Moreover, the reversal of the Type B effect might be the sign of qualitatively different timing mechanisms operating at short and long durations (Michon, 1985;Rammsayer & Ulrich, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of stimulus order on discrimination sensitivity for short and long durations

Bausenhart

Dyjas

Ulrich

2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Previous studies have shown that discrimination sensitivity in 2AFC tasks depends on the presentation order of the standard and comparison stimulus. The present study examined whether this so-called Type B effect generalizes across different standard magnitudes. Therefore, Experiment 1 employed an auditory duration discrimination task with short (100 ms) and long (1,000 ms) standard durations and a constant interstimulus interval (ISI) of 1,000 ms. For both standard durations, a clear Type B effect emerged. In Experiment 2, discrimination sensitivity was assessed for short (300 ms) and long (1,000 ms) ISIs and a constant standard duration of 100 ms, in order to examine whether the Type B effect diminishes or even reverses when both stimuli are presented in rapid succession, as was suggested by previous studies. In the short, but not the long ISI condition, the Type B effect was virtually eliminated. Taken together, the present experiments suggest that the Type B effect is robust across standard magnitude, but diminishes when the time interval between both stimuli is reduced. This result pattern is discussed within the framework of the Internal Reference Model and the Sensation Weighting Model. It is also demonstrated that both models provide a quantitative account of the present results. In typical psychophysical tasks such as the two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) task, participants are asked to discriminate between a fixed-magnitude standard stimulus s and a variable comparison stimulus c, whose magnitude can be lower, equal to or higher than the magnitude of the standard. In the temporal 2AFC task, these two stimuli are presented successively in one of two temporal orders, that is, sc and cs , to balance for potential effects of stimulus order on task performance. Researchers often disregard such order effects by aggregating data across stimulus order. However, if the observed data are analyzed separately for the two stimulus orders, order effects are commonly observed. For example, the order-conditional psychophysical functions observed in a typical 2AFC task might be shifted horizontally from the point of objective equality (i.e., a Type A order effect or time-order error), such that the magnitude of the first stimulus is either judged to be higher or lower than the magnitude of the second one. Theoretically, this might be the sign of a perceptual, decisional, or response bias, and has been extensively studied (cf. Eisler, Eisler, & Hellström, 2008). More important for the purpose of the present study, however, is the so-called Type B order effect (Ulrich 2010;Ulrich & Vorberg, 2009). This effect refers to the phenomenon that the spread of the order-conditional psychometric functions may differ with regard to stimulus order. Specifically, the difference limen (DL) is typically larger and thus discrimination sensitivity

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Discrimination of empty and filled intervals marked by auditory signals with different durations and directions of intensity change

Chen

2019

PsyCh Journal

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A time interval marked by two short sounds (“empty interval”) is perceived to be longer when one or more short sounds are inserted within this time interval (“filled interval”). This illusion is known as the filled‐duration illusion (FDI), which has been mainly observed above 500 ms. Previous evidence has mostly shown, however, that the FDI within 500 ms is not robust due to individual differences. FDI in this short range has been less influenced by the properties of sound markers (such as amplitude, time duration, and sound energy distribution). I questioned whether the mixed evidence in the short range could be due to the methods and time ranges adopted. Here, I asked whether and how the perceived duration of both the empty interval and the filled interval (a continuous beep) was modulated by markers with different yet short durations, and by markers with intensity changes (ascending vs. descending). The results showed that the longer markers led to more expansion of the perceived time interval than did the short markers. The empty interval (300 ms) was perceived as shorter in the rising intensity (first tone marker)–decreasing intensity (second tone marker) condition, but as longer in the decreasing–decreasing condition. However, the filled interval (300 ms) bounded in the decreasing–decreasing condition was perceived as shorter. Therefore, perception of short empty and filled intervals (enclosed by auditory marks) could be modulated by the temporal properties of the markers. Those findings could be accounted for by the Gestalt perceptual groupings between the auditory markers and the to‐be‐timed gap/stimulus intervals in an adaptive way.

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Recognition masking of auditory duration

Cited by 13 publications

References 23 publications

Duration discrimination of filled and empty auditory intervals: Cognitive and perceptual factors

Duration discrimination of filled and empty auditory intervals: Cognitive and perceptual factors

Effects of stimulus order on discrimination sensitivity for short and long durations

Discrimination of empty and filled intervals marked by auditory signals with different durations and directions of intensity change

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