Tolevamer was inferior to antibiotic treatment of CDI, and metronidazole was inferior to vancomycin. Trial Registration. clinicaltrials.gov NCT00106509 and NCT00196794.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transforms

CDAD is widespread in Massachusetts hospitals. Rehospitalization with CDAD, if it occurs, generally happens within a few months and happens multiple times for some patients. Based on this study's findings, a conservative estimate of the annual US cost for CDAD management is $3.2 billion dollars.

The Epstein-Barr virus oncoprotein latent infection membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is a constitutively aggregated pseudo-tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) that activates transcription factor NF-B through two sites in its C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. One site is similar to activated TNFRII in associating with TNFR-associated factors TRAF1 and TRAF2, and the second site is similar to TNFRI in associating with the TNFRI death domain interacting protein TRADD. TNFRI has been recently shown to activate NF-B through association with TRADD, RIP, and TRAF2; activation of the NF-B-inducing kinase (NIK); activation of the IB␣ kinases (IKK␣ and IKK␤); and phosphorylation of IB␣. IB␣ phosphorylation on Ser-32 and Ser-36 is followed by its degradation and NF-B activation. In this report, we show that NF-B activation by LMP1 or by each of its effector sites is mediated by a pathway that includes NIK, IKK␣, and IKK␤. Dominant negative mutants of NIK, IKK␣, or IKK␤ substantially inhibited NF-B activation by LMP1 or by each of its effector sites.