Recent Progress in the Direct Liquefaction of Coal

Lumpkin, Robert E.

doi:10.1126/science.239.4842.873

Cited by 47 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Although H-coal costs are not currently attractive, two developments promise reduced costs. 18 First, a new catalyst with a bimodal pore size distribution was developed that improved distillable liquid yields, particularly with low-rank coals. Second, hydrogen consumption was lowered by using two reactors in series.…”

Section: Two-stage Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clean liquid fuels from direct coal liquefaction: chemistry, catalysis, technological status and challenges

Vasireddy

Morreale

Cugini

et al. 2011

Energy Environ. Sci.

336

209

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Increased demand for liquid transportation fuels coupled with gradual depletion of oil reserves and volatile petroleum prices have recently renewed interest in coal-to-liquids (CTL) technologies. Large recoverable global coal reserves can provide liquid fuels and significantly reduce dependence on oil imports. Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) converts solid coal (H/C ratio z 0.8) to liquid fuels (H/C ratio z 2) by adding hydrogen at high temperature and pressures in the presence or absence of catalyst. This review provides a comprehensive literature survey of the coal structure, chemistry and catalysis involved in direct liquefaction of coal. This report also touches briefly on the historical development and current status of DCL technologies. Key issues, challenges involved in DCL process and directions for the future research are also addressed.

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Section: Two-stage Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clean liquid fuels from direct coal liquefaction: chemistry, catalysis, technological status and challenges

Vasireddy

Morreale

Cugini

et al. 2011

Energy Environ. Sci.

336

209

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show abstract

“…Older and more modest studies claim break-even crude oil-prices around US$35 per barrel [37]. Liquid fuel costs for a Chinese DCL facility have been estimated at around US$24/barrel [38].…”

Section: System Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on coal-to-liquid fuels and its coal consumption

Höök

Aleklett

2009

Int. J. Energy Res.

152

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Continued reliance on oil is unsustainable and this has resulted in interest in alternative fuels. Coal-to-Liquids (CTL) can supply liquid fuels and have been successfully used in several cases, particularly in South Africa. This article reviews CTL theory and technology. Understanding the fundamental aspects of coal liquefaction technologies are vital for planning and policy-making, as future CTL systems will be integrated in a much larger global energy and fuel utilization system. Conversion ratios for CTL are generally estimated to be between 1-2 barrels/ton coal. This puts a strict limitation on future CTL capacity imposed by future coal production volumes, regardless of other factors such as economics, emissions or environmental concern. Assuming that 10% of world coal production can be diverted to CTL, the contribution to liquid fuel supply will be limited to only a few Mb/d. This prevents CTL from becoming a viable mitigation plan for liquid fuel shortage on a global scale. However, it is still possible for individual nations to derive significant shares of their fuel supply from CTL, but those nations must also have access to equally significant coal production capacities. It is unrealistic to claim that CTL provides a feasible solution to liquid fuels shortages created by peak oil. For the most part, it can only be a minor contributor and must be combined with other strategies.

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“…In a 1988 article, Lumpkin [5] said -the economics derived early in the 1980s established the price of transportation fuels from coal liquefaction at $80 per barrel or higher. However there have been dramatic improvements in the technology since 1983 that have not been widely appreciated.…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction Engineering of Direct Coal Liquefaction

Robinson¹

2009

Energies

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Direct coal liquefaction has been studied and practiced since the 1930s. It was used in Germany during World War II to produce synthetic fuels when there was no oil allowed into the country. Since then, it has been studied in the United States and many different technologies have been investigated. Since the US is rich in coal resources, this is one way to be energy independent. Most of the development activity occurred in the 1980s and numerous technologies were studied, the most notable of these being H-Coal, Exxon Donor Solvent, Solvent Refined Coal, and Two Stage Liquefaction. The key elements of these technologies, particularly the reaction/reactor scheme, are discussed in this review.

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Recent Progress in the Direct Liquefaction of Coal

Cited by 47 publications

References 6 publications

Clean liquid fuels from direct coal liquefaction: chemistry, catalysis, technological status and challenges

Clean liquid fuels from direct coal liquefaction: chemistry, catalysis, technological status and challenges

A review on coal-to-liquid fuels and its coal consumption

Reaction Engineering of Direct Coal Liquefaction

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