Direct coal liquefaction has been studied and practiced since the 1930s. It was used in Germany during World War II to produce synthetic fuels when there was no oil allowed into the country. Since then, it has been studied in the United States and many different technologies have been investigated. Since the US is rich in coal resources, this is one way to be energy independent. Most of the development activity occurred in the 1980s and numerous technologies were studied, the most notable of these being H-Coal, Exxon Donor Solvent, Solvent Refined Coal, and Two Stage Liquefaction. The key elements of these technologies, particularly the reaction/reactor scheme, are discussed in this review.

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DISCLAIMER "This book war prepared a an accuunt of work rponaored by an agency of the United States Covmment Neither the United states Government nor any agmcy thereof, m r any of their employees, makes any warranty, ex-or implied, or assumes any bgal liabUty or responsibility for the accuracy, amplereness, or ucefulncrr of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclorsd, or represents that its use ~u i d not infringe privately owned rights Reference herein to any spedfic coi~1erdrl product, procabs, or rarvics by trade name, trademark, mp11ufacturor, or othcmh, dosr not nsotrrprily constitute or imply ita endorsement, recommendation, or fworing by the United States Govanmrnt or any agency thereof. The views md opWonr of authors arprwsed herein do not fiecusPrily state or reflect those of the United Stated Government or my sgsncy thereof." This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.

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The aryl phosphine-rhodium complex, Rh( P93)2(CO)CI, is a very reactive, stable, and selective hydroformylation catalyst. Because of its unusually high stability, it offers a number of processing variations. The present investigation demonstrates continuous olefin hydroformylation in a gas-sparged reactor which obviates the common problem of product-catalyst separation and recycle of a liquid catalyst stream. Gaseous propylene, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide were sparged through the catalyst solution, and the butyraldehyde product was continuously

The study of multiphase catalytic process such as petroleum hydrotreating requires laboratory reactors that ensure good contact between gas, liquid, and solid phases at high temperatures and pressures. Numerous reactors have been developed for process studies and fall mainly into two categories: fixed bed and agitated (gradientless).For multiphase catalytic systems, the experimental studies are normally performed in a trickling fixed bed reactor. This type reactor is subject to problems with catalyst contacting and flow maldistribution unless certain pre cautions are taken. External mass transport limitations are also possible, particularly with the more active catalysts that are currently available. Vigorous gas-liquid-catalyst contacting will often remedy this situation. Weekman (1) concluded that the gradientless reactors are far superior to the fixed bed in terms of sampling ease, temperature maintenance, mass transport, and other operating variables.Although several gradientless reactors are available for studies of gas-phase reactions (2-6), none of them are suitable for studying multiphase systems, particularly at the high pressure required in such petroleum processes as distillate hydrotreating. Russian workers (7) did report a gradientless multiphase reactor but it was only suitable for atmospheric pressure operation. Now we have developed a high-pressure version to study hydrotreating reactions. It comprises a spinning basket held in a 500 cc stirred autoclave. Baffles around the basket ensure good mixing and contacting of the liquid and also eliminate vortexing at the gas-liquid interface. The flow pattern of the oil approximates that obtained in a single perfectly mixed reactor because the vaporized hydrocarbons which exit in the off-gas stream are recycled.The spinning basket reactor was used to study the desulfurization kinetics of a model sulfur compound-dibenzothiophene in white oil. This study is confirming data for an earlier study by Frye and Mosby (8) with a trickle bed type reactor and actual petroleum fractions. There is good agreement between the two kinetic studies. This current study has achieved a further