“…However, IR cameras have been adopted in various industries such as automation, automotive, civil engineering, and food production in the modern society due to their non-contact precision temperature measurement and non-destructive monitoring. IR cameras have been used for food quality control [233], semiconductor chip and device control [234], paved road condition control, and various other monitoring activities (http://www.flir.com/home/). As for medical application, various medical tools such as blood vein monitor [235], brain trauma detection [236], diabetic neuropathy [237], thermography, and cancer cell detection [238] are invented using IR technology due to the non-contact and non-destructive monitoring (http://medcitynews.com/2013/02/5-innovative-uses-forinfrared-technology-from-early-bedsore-detection-topreventing-surgical-errors-video/).…”
Infrared photodetectors (IRPDs) have become important devices in various applications such as night vision, military missile tracking, medical imaging, industry defect imaging, environmental sensing, and exoplanet exploration. Mature semiconductor technologies such as mercury cadmium telluride and III-V material-based photodetectors have been dominating the industry. However, in the last few decades, significant funding and research has been focused to improve the performance of IRPDs such as lowering the fabrication cost, simplifying the fabrication processes, increasing the production yield, and increasing the operating temperature by making use of advances in nanofabrication and nanotechnology. We will first review the nanomaterial with suitable electronic and mechanical properties, such as two-dimensional material, graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and metal oxides. We compare these with more traditional lowdimensional material such as quantum well, quantum dot, quantum dot in well, semiconductor superlattice, nanowires, nanotube, and colloid quantum dot. We will also review the nanostructures used for enhanced lightmatter interaction to boost the IRPD sensitivity. These include nanostructured antireflection coatings, optical antennas, plasmonic, and metamaterials.
“…However, IR cameras have been adopted in various industries such as automation, automotive, civil engineering, and food production in the modern society due to their non-contact precision temperature measurement and non-destructive monitoring. IR cameras have been used for food quality control [233], semiconductor chip and device control [234], paved road condition control, and various other monitoring activities (http://www.flir.com/home/). As for medical application, various medical tools such as blood vein monitor [235], brain trauma detection [236], diabetic neuropathy [237], thermography, and cancer cell detection [238] are invented using IR technology due to the non-contact and non-destructive monitoring (http://medcitynews.com/2013/02/5-innovative-uses-forinfrared-technology-from-early-bedsore-detection-topreventing-surgical-errors-video/).…”
Infrared photodetectors (IRPDs) have become important devices in various applications such as night vision, military missile tracking, medical imaging, industry defect imaging, environmental sensing, and exoplanet exploration. Mature semiconductor technologies such as mercury cadmium telluride and III-V material-based photodetectors have been dominating the industry. However, in the last few decades, significant funding and research has been focused to improve the performance of IRPDs such as lowering the fabrication cost, simplifying the fabrication processes, increasing the production yield, and increasing the operating temperature by making use of advances in nanofabrication and nanotechnology. We will first review the nanomaterial with suitable electronic and mechanical properties, such as two-dimensional material, graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and metal oxides. We compare these with more traditional lowdimensional material such as quantum well, quantum dot, quantum dot in well, semiconductor superlattice, nanowires, nanotube, and colloid quantum dot. We will also review the nanostructures used for enhanced lightmatter interaction to boost the IRPD sensitivity. These include nanostructured antireflection coatings, optical antennas, plasmonic, and metamaterials.
“…Suesut et al have explained the principles of thermography and measured the emissivity of material used in electrical equipment [45]. Jadin and Taib treat the use of thermography for measuring reliability of electrical equipment with 35 references to automatic methods of classification [46]. Lindquist et al have treated the accuracy of thermography and shown that low currents give larger confidence intervals [47].…”
Abstract-There is a need for a new survey of conditionmonitoring methods for circuit breakers and disconnectors, since during the last two decades less than ten surveys have been carried out. The paper presents several statistical surveys and analyses. The methods of condition monitoring found are reviewed and classified according to the different types of failure identified in the surveys. Some research gaps are identified, such as the prediction of the degradation of the contacts, the signal processing of coil and motor currents and the switching.
“…Therefore, many studies have shown that thermography performs a variety of applications and is a useful technique for the operational working of electrical equipment [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”
A variety of reasons, specifically contact issues, irregular loads, cracks in insulation, defective relays, terminal junctions and other similar issues, increase the internal temperature of electrical instruments. This results in unexpected disturbances and potential damage to power equipment. Therefore, the initial prevention measures of thermal anomalies in electrical tools are essential to prevent power-equipment failure. In this article, we address this initial prevention mechanism for power substations using a computer-vision approach by taking advantage of infrared thermal images. The thermal images are taken through infrared cameras without disturbing the working operations of power substations. Thus, this article augments the non-destructive approach to defect analysis in electrical power equipment using computer vision and machine learning. We use a total of 150 thermal pictures of different electrical equipment in 10 different substations in operating conditions, using 300 different hotspots. Our approach uses multi-layered perceptron (MLP) to classify the thermal conditions of components of power substations into "defect" and "non-defect" classes. A total of eleven features, which are first-order and second-order statistical features, are calculated from the thermal sample images. The performance of MLP shows initial accuracy of 79.78%. We further augment the MLP with graph cut to increase accuracy to 84%. We argue that with the successful development and deployment of this new system, the Technology Department of Chongqing can arrange the recommended actions and thus save cost in repair and outages. This can play an important role in the quick and reliable inspection to potentially prevent power substation equipment from failure, which will save the whole system from breakdown. The increased 84% accuracy with the integration of the graph cut shows the efficacy of the proposed defect analysis approach.
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