Recent Developments in Piezoelectric Crystals

Abstract

Piezoelectric materials are essential parts of the electronics and electrical equipment used for consumer and industrial applications, such as ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers, sensors, actuators, transformers, and resonators. In this review, the development of piezoelectric materials and the figures of merit for various electromechanical applications are surveyed, focusing on piezoelectric crystals, i.e., the high-performance relaxor-PbTiO 3 -based perovskite ferroelectric crystals and nonferroelectric hightemperature piezoelectric crystals. The uniqueness of these crystals is discussed with respect to different usages. Finally, the existing challenges and perspective for the piezoelectric crystals are discussed, with an emphasis on the temperature-dependent properties, from cryogenic temperatures up to the ultrahigh-temperature usage range.

Progress in lead-free piezoelectric nanofiller materials and related composite nanogenerator devices

“…and property-tunability, low manufacturing cost, and easy mass production. 5,6 So far, piezoelectrics have been traditionally dominated by Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PZT), which contains $60 wt% of environmentally hazardous lead. 7,8 In several countries, including European Union (EU) and the U.S. state California, the directive Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS II) or an equivalent has been implemented in the legislation.…”

Ultrahigh Piezoelectricity After Field Cooling AC Poling in Ferroelectric Crystals Manufactured by Continuous-feeding Bridgman

“…Relaxor with lead titanate (PbTiO3 (PT)) ferroelectric single crystals (SCs) have attracted extensive attention over the last 20 years, , compared to the conventional poly crystalline lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics. [1][2][3] Owing to their high piezoelectric properties as the key component of electromechanical devices, including actuators, underwater acoustic ultrasound, and nondestructive testing evaluation transducer, its excellent performance and applications have also promoted the rapid development of various growth methods of SCs. As a conventional relaxor-PT SC growth process, one charge Bridgman (OC BM), causes nonuniformity of TiO2 concentration along growth direction due to the compositional segregation, consequently leading to a large variation of dielectric and piezoelectric properties within a SC ingot.…”

(K,Na)NbO3-based piezoelectric single crystals: Growth methods, properties, and applications

“…Since the discovery of the two main perovskite ferroelectric systems, BaTiO 3 (BT) and Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PZT), in the middle of the last century, the field of piezoelectrics has grown significantly. While incongruent melting and refractory nature of zirconate inhibits the growth of large and high-quality PZT single crystals, other lead-based systems have been found and extensively studied over the past 20 years [4,5]. Among the milestones were the high properties reported in (1Àx)Pb(Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -xPbTiO 3 (PZN-PT) crystals by Kuwata et al in 1982 [6] and in (1Àx)Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -xPbTiO 3 (PMN-PT) crystals by Park and Shrout in 1997 [7].…”

“…1500 pm/V and high electromechanical coupling factors k 33 . 0.90 and were the basis for several other binary and ternary systems [4,5]. The high piezoelectric properties of the 1 st generation of PMN-based crystals were later complemented by increased depolarization temperatures (2 nd generation) and higher mechanical quality factors Q m (3 rd generation).…”