Recent Developments in Flame-Retardant Lignin-Based Biocomposite: Manufacturing, and characterization

Solihat, Nissa Nurfajrin; Hidayat, Alif Faturahman; Azmi, Mohamad Nurul; Hussin, M. Hazwan; Lee, Seng Hua; Ghani, Aizat; Al-Edrus, Syeed Saifulazry Osman; Vahabi, Henri; Fatriasari, Widya

doi:10.1007/s10924-022-02494-2

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…The polyphosphate then reacts with the CS, prompting the CS to dehydrate and rearrange into char. However, it indicated that the char layer formed by APP and CS is not continuous and dense, with existing cracks and voids as proved by Figures b and , leading to poor flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects . As for APP@CS@Si, due to the promotion of Si-COOH for the carbonization process of APP@CS and PLA, a cross-linked and more compact char layer was formed with more P and Si contents.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…However, it indicated that the char layer formed by APP and CS is not continuous and dense, with existing cracks and voids as proved by Figures 4b and 6, leading to poor flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects. 47 As for APP@CS@Si, due to the promotion of Si-COOH for the carbonization process of APP@CS and PLA, a cross-linked and more compact char layer was formed with more P and Si contents. Such char has a better block effect to isolate heat and gas and protect the further combustion of the matrix and prevent combustible volatiles from escaping to reduce the release of smoke, leading to better flame retardancy.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Aqueous Self-Assembly of Bio-Based Flame Retardants for Fire-Retardant, Smoke-Suppressive, and Toughened Polylactic Acid

Liu

Yao

Zhang

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Incorporating bio-based flame retardants into polylactic acid (PLA) for improving its fire retarding performance has always been attractive to researchers worldwide, while the synthesis of bio-based flame retardants always involves organic solvents. The drawbacks of bio-based flame retardants are also nonignorable, such as strong hydrophilicity, aggregation, and deterioration of the mechanical properties of PLA. Here, the biobased flame retardant APP@CS@Si was assembled in the water phase with ammonium polyphosphates (APP) and chitosan (CS) and carboxylated silicone oil (Si-COOH/Si). The results showed that the Si-COOH shell not only decreased the hydrophilicity of the flame retardant but also had superior fire retardancy due to its improved char formation ability. Only 2 wt % APP@CS@Si can endow PLA with satisfying flame retardancy such as the UL-94 V-0 grade. Higher values of the fire propagation index (0.150) and flame retardancy index (1.33) were also achieved by PLA with 4 wt % APP@CS@Si compared with those of PLA with the same loading of APP@CS. Interestingly, the total smoke release amount (TSR) of PLA/4APP@CS@Si was 60% lower than that of PLA/ 4APP@CS, exhibiting its excellent smoke suppression ability. Moreover, Si-COOH could also be deemed as a soft shell to improve the toughness of PLA with increased impact strength and elongation at break of the PLA composite by 20 and 16%, respectively.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Aqueous Self-Assembly of Bio-Based Flame Retardants for Fire-Retardant, Smoke-Suppressive, and Toughened Polylactic Acid

Liu

Yao

Zhang

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…To improve the flame-retardant properties of lignin, researchers have modified lignin with nitrogen and phosphorus chemicals and shrunk lignin to the nanoscale to reduce the aggregation of lignin with wood materials. This has resulted in excellent flame-retardant properties [ 65 ]. Currently, research concerning biomass-based carbon sources tends to be diversified.…”

Section: Composite Biological Intumescent Flame Retardantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research and Application of Biomass-Based Wood Flame Retardants: A Review

et al. 2023

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Wood is widely used as a construction material due to its many advantages, such as good mechanical properties, low production costs, and renewability. However, its flammability limits its use in construction. To solve the problem of wood flammability, the most common method to improve the fire safety of wood is to modify the wood by deep impregnation or surface coating with flame retardants. Therefore, many researchers have found that environmentally friendly and low-cost biomass materials can be used as a source of green flame retardants. Two aspects of biomass-based intumescent flame retardants are summarized in this paper. On the one hand, biomass is used as one of the three sources or as a flame-retardant synergist in combination with other flame retardants, which are called composite biomass intumescent flame retardants. On the other hand, biomass is used alone as a feedstock to produce all-biomass intumescent flame retardants. In addition, the potential of biomass-based materials as an environmentally friendly and low-cost FR source to produce high-performance biomass-based flame retardants with improved technology was also discussed in detail. The development of biomass-based intumescent flame retardants represents a viable and promising approach for the efficient and environmentally friendly production of biomass-based flame retardants.

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“…In view of this, flame retardants gradually develop from blend additive flame retardants to reactive flame retardants and intrinsic flame retardants. ,, Among them, the flame retardant substances are introduced into the polystyrene molecular chain by polymerization, and the flame retardant groups often do not escape from the polymer matrix during polymer processing or polymer use, which ensures the long-term stability of the flame retardant properties. However, the selection of suitable comonomers often becomes the main factor limiting the development of this method. ,,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel DOPO-Based Flame Retardant Intermediate and Its Flame Retardancy as a Polystyrene Intrinsic Flame Retardant

Dong,

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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The research on intrinsic flame retardant has become a hot topic in the field of flame retardant. The synthesis of reactive flame-retardant monomer is one of the effective methods to obtain an intrinsic flame retardant. In addition, in view of the small molecular flame retardant easily migrates from the polymer during the use process, which leads to the gradual reduction of the flame retardant effect and even the gradual loss of flame retardant performance, and the advantages of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) technology in polymer structure design and function customization, we first synthesized reactive flame retardant monomer 6-(hydroxymethyl)dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (FAA-DOPO), then synthesized polystyrene bromine (PS 148 -Br) macromolecular initiator by ATRP technology, and finally obtained block copolymer polystyrene- b -poly{6-(hydroxymethyl)dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide} (PS- b -PFAA-DOPO) by the polymerization of FAA-DOPO initiated by macromolecular initiator PS 148 -Br by ATRP technology. The chemical structure of FAA-DOPO was characterized by 1D and 2D NMR ( 1 H, 13 C, DEPT 135, HSQC, COSY, NOE, and HMBC) spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The chemical structure and molecular weight of PS- b -PFAA-DOPO were characterized by FTIR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The thermal and flame-retardant properties of PS- b -PFAA-DOPO were characterized by thermogravimetry analysis (TG), UL-94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). It was found that FAA-DOPO could be used as a monomer for polymerization, although FAA-DOPO had a large steric hindrance from the chemical structure of FAA-DOPO, the UL-94 grade of PS- b -PFAA-DOPO reached the V-0 grade, and the LOI increased by 59.12% compared with PS 148 -Br.

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Recent Developments in Flame-Retardant Lignin-Based Biocomposite: Manufacturing, and characterization

Cited by 24 publications

References 114 publications

Aqueous Self-Assembly of Bio-Based Flame Retardants for Fire-Retardant, Smoke-Suppressive, and Toughened Polylactic Acid

Aqueous Self-Assembly of Bio-Based Flame Retardants for Fire-Retardant, Smoke-Suppressive, and Toughened Polylactic Acid

Research and Application of Biomass-Based Wood Flame Retardants: A Review

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel DOPO-Based Flame Retardant Intermediate and Its Flame Retardancy as a Polystyrene Intrinsic Flame Retardant

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