Recent applications of paper‐based point‐of‐care devices for biomarker detection

Abstract

Detection of biomarkers is essential for diagnosis and prognosis of diseases for healthcare teams to provide timely appropriate treatments. Reliable, inexpensive, and sensitive devices are desirable to serve this purpose. Paper‐based analytical devices (PADs) have gained enormous attention during the past decade as point‐of‐care devices for biomarker detection due to their simplicity, portability, and biocompatibility. Importantly, the devices highly comply with the WHO “ASSURED” concept (i.e. Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User‐friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment free, and Deliverable to end‐users). Thus, PADs could be sustainably alternative tools for biomarker detection, especially in resources‐constraint areas where budget, skillful operators, and health infrastructure are limited. First, this review introduces overviews of biomarkers, their detection and brief history of PADs. Second, description of common fabrication and detection techniques in PADs are provided. Then, it highlights recent state of the art technologies and applications of PADs for various biomarker detection published during 2018 to May 2019. Applications for tumor marker, cardiac and coronary heath disease, and metabolic disorder biomarker detection are tabulated and selected examples are described in details. Finally, it discusses the current challenges, advances, and novel applications of PADs. The review would be valuable for healthcare workers using PADs as cost‐effective point‐of‐care devices for biomarker detection and for researchers working on future developments of the devices.

Paper-based analytical devices for virus detection: Recent strategies for current and future pandemics

“…Alternatively, a desktop digital craft plotter/cutter and technical drawing pens have been introduced as low-cost PAD fabrication method [ 63 ]. PADs typically have regions assigned for sample introduction, liquid flow, and chemical or biochemical reactions [ 64 ]. Hydrophobic barriers are commonly to define channels control flow of analytes and reagents through microchannels, prevent leakage, and stop cross-contamination between multiplex assays.…”

“…3D-PADs differ from 2D-PADs with the use of multiple paper layer for the device assembly. The configuration of 3D-PADs provides precise time-control of the fluid flow and multiplex detection [ 64 , 76 ]. Also, it is possible to control incubation time of the target and integrate various components.…”

Biomolecules and Electrochemical Tools in Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance: A Systematic Review

“…Based on precise knowledge of the referred parameters, it is possible to prevent and control the development of diseases such as tumours, cardiac and coronary heath diseases, or metabolic disorder, to contain its spread, as well as to avoid the proliferation of related disorders [ 21 ].…”

Development of a High-Throughput Low-Cost Approach for Fabricating Fully Drawn Paper-Based Analytical Devices Using Commercial Writing Tools

“…As a result of recent advances in the field of PADs, a host of devices have been developed for application in various fields such as clinical diagnostics and point-of-care testing, environmental monitoring and food quality control [9][10][11]. The patterning of the hydrophobic barriers is a critical step in the fabrication of PADs and several approaches have been proposed in the literature; the relative advantages and drawbacks of these methods have been summarized in many relevant reviews [8,[12][13][14][15][16][17].…”