Recent Advances in Wearable Sensors and Integrated Functional Devices for Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications

Kim, Hojoong; Kwon, Young‐Tae; Lim, Hyo‐Ryoung; Kim, Jong Hoon; Kim, Yun‐Soung; Yeo, Woon‐Hong

doi:10.1002/adfm.202005692

Cited by 69 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…[225] Adopting self-adhesive materials to create e-skin requires conformal adhesion on human skin surfaces without causing skin irritation or affection. [59,222,276] Though various gripping interactions (e.g., van der Waals forces) and biomimetic microstructures have been utilized to create self-adhesive materials, only a few examples have been demonstrated to design self-adhesive multi-responsive flexible sensors. [92,227] Additionally, flame-retardancy is a newly considered factor in flexible sensing system owing to the possible combustion of flexible substrate materials, which has great influence on life and property safety.…”

Section: Conclusion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E‐skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing

Jia

et al. 2021

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101

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As we know, human skin is natural barrier for human being to protect the body from external substance invasion, and also biological multifunctional sensors perceiving pressure, temperature, proximity, pain, smell, friction, texture of objects, etc. [4,12,13] Admittedly, human skin also has its intrinsic drawbacks like inaccurate and indirect discernment of relative humidity which needs to be perceived by the cooperation of mechanoreceptor and thermoreceptor. [14,15] Thus, e-skin should be not only limited to imitating the structure and multifunctional sensing capabilities of human skin, but also be able to develop more excellent traits beyond the human skin. [14,16] Considering the exploitation and employment of numerous materials, versatile structures and the integration of various mechanisms and manufacturing methods, the real future e-skins would surpass human skin in most aspects and show new characteristics such as transduction of other stimuli like light, sound, and even magnetism. [17][18][19] The delicate design and integration of multifunctional flexible sensors may overcome the current shortcomings and offer new insight into the forthcoming era of omnipotent stretchable and bendable electronics.Basically, flexibility is a trait for contours with zero-Gaussian curvature, while stretchability is necessary for conformal and entire covering surfaces with non-zero Gaussian curvature when the flexible sensors are attached to irregular 3-dimensionally curvilinear human skin. [20] Thus, stretchable sensors are supposed to be flexible. In the beginning of flexible sensors, most of the elemental sensing parts were created by combining inherently inorganic and rigid active materials (e.g., Si and Au) with soft substrates via special shape designs which are partly flexible to some extent. [20][21][22][23] Nonetheless, it is far from perfect for practical use if attaching these electronic devices on arbitrarily curved human skin and robot surfaces. Actually, commercial wearables are supposed to gradually take the sense of human scale and aesthetic into consideration, i.e., they are expected to be mechanically conformal, user-comfortable, environment-friendly, biocompatible, transparent, etc. [24,25] Consequently, all-flexible/stretchable sensors mainly consisting of organic active materials and/or metal nanowires are springing up. [26] Among various signals existing in nature, forces, temperature, and humidity play essential and vital roles in our normal Multiresponsive flexile sensors with strain, temperature, humidity, and other sensing abilities serving as real electronic skin (e-skin) have manifested great application potential in flexible electronics, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT). Although numerous flexible sensors with sole sensing function have already been reported since the concept of e-skin, that mimics the sensing features of human skin, was proposed about a decade ago, the ones with more sensing capacities as new emergences are urgently demanded. However, highly integrated a...

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Section: Conclusion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E‐skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing

Jia

et al. 2021

Small

101

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“…This system is so called, “haptics,” that realizes tactile sensing and tracking motion activity. This stand-alone platform enables a contact-free technology in a virtual world where gaming, training, and entertaining by himself/herself is possible in a forthcoming area ( Kim et al., 2020a , 2020b ; Lee et al., 2020a , 2020b ; Mishra et al., 2020 ; Park et al., 2020 ). Oh et al.…”

Section: Recent Advances In Lm-based Wearable Electronicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in liquid-metal-based wearable electronics and materials

et al. 2021

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Summary Soft wearable electronics are rapidly developing through exploration of new materials, fabrication approaches, and design concepts. Although there have been many efforts for decades, a resurgence of interest in liquid metals (LMs) for sensing and wiring functional properties of materials in soft wearable electronics has brought great advances in wearable electronics and materials. Various forms of LMs enable many routes to fabricate flexible and stretchable sensors, circuits, and functional wearables with many desirable properties. This review article presents a systematic overview of recent progresses in LM-enabled wearable electronics that have been achieved through material innovations and the discovery of new fabrication approaches and design architectures. We also present applications of wearable LM technologies for physiological sensing, activity tracking, and energy harvesting. Finally, we discuss a perspective on future opportunities and challenges for wearable LM electronics as this field continues to grow.

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“…[ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ] Various designs of TENG and PEG on different wearable platforms have been developed for diversified applications, including vital sign monitoring, [ 48 , 49 , 50 ] body motion sensing, [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ] chemical sensing, [ 55 , 56 , 57 ] , and human‐machine interfacing toward VR/AR applications. [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ] Meanwhile, TENGs and PEGs also experienced flourishing advancement in implantable applications such as energy harvesting, [ 62 , 63 , 64 ] medical treatment, [ 65 , 66 , 67 ] in vivo sensing, [ 68 , 69 ] and rehabilitation. [ 70 , 71 , 72 ] Hybridized devices combining the characteristics and advantages of the two prominent mechanisms have also been thoroughly investigated to further extend the systematic performance and capability in divergent applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Motion Capturing and Energy Harvesting Hybridized Lower‐Limb System for Rehabilitation and Sports Applications

Gao

Zhang

et al. 2021

Advanced Science

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Lower-limb motion monitoring is highly desired in various application scenarios ranging from rehabilitation to sports training. However, there still lacks a cost-effective, energy-saving, and computational complexity-reducing solution for this specific demand. Here, a motion capturing and energy harvesting hybridized lower-limb (MC-EH-HL) system with 3D printing is demonstrated. It enables low-frequency biomechanical energy harvesting with a sliding block-rail piezoelectric generator (S-PEG) and lower-limb motion sensing with a ratchet-based triboelectric nanogenerator (R-TENG). A unique S-PEG is proposed with particularly designed mechanical structures to convert lower-limb 3D motion into 1D linear sliding on the rail. On the one hand, high output power is achieved with the S-PEG working at a very low frequency, which realizes self-sustainable systems for wireless sensing under the Internet of Things framework. On the other hand, the R-TENG gives rise to digitalized triboelectric output, matching the rotation angles to the pulse numbers. Additional physical parameters can be estimated to enrich the sensory dimension. Accordingly, demonstrative rehabilitation, human-machine interfacing in virtual reality, and sports monitoring are presented. This developed hybridized system exhibits an economic and energy-efficient solution to support the need for lower-limb motion tracking in various scenarios, paving the way for self-sustainable multidimensional motion tracking systems in near future.

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Recent Advances in Wearable Sensors and Integrated Functional Devices for Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications

Cited by 69 publications

References 50 publications

Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E‐skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing

Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E‐skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing

Recent advances in liquid-metal-based wearable electronics and materials

A Motion Capturing and Energy Harvesting Hybridized Lower‐Limb System for Rehabilitation and Sports Applications

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