Recent advances in the production of single cell protein from renewable resources and applications

Koukoumaki, Danai Ioanna; Tsouko, Erminta; Papanikolaou, Séraphim; Ioannou, Z.; Diamantopoulou, Panagiota; Sarris, Dimitris

doi:10.1016/j.crcon.2023.07.004

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…The OMW accounts for 50% of the waste generated by olive oil production, and it is estimated that 30 million tons are produced every year in the Mediterranean. Due to the presence of recalcitrant compounds, these residues are difficult to be treated [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. In relatively recent experimental works that have appeared in the literature, OMWs have been employed to “dilute” “concentrated” residues and waste streams in a zero-waste and water-saving approach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although several microorganisms can produce CA, Y. lipolytica has emerged as a promising alternative due to its high yield, low-cost production, and ease of genetic manipulation. Moreover, Y. lipolytica is an avirulent yeast species that historically has been used in the food and chemical industries for its ability to grow on agro-industrial wastes and by-products and synthesize various compounds such as organic acids, sugar alcohols, and single-cell protein [ 32 , 35 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Several strains of Y. lipolytica were studied in glucose-based media to investigate their ability to accumulate cellular lipids, which led to the observation that nitrogen-limited conditions resulted in CA production [ 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, as mentioned in the previous paragraphs, crude glycerol, the main by-product deriving from biodiesel production facilities, has been revealed as an excellent substrate amenable to be converted into CA by (mostly acetate-negative or genetically modified mutants of) the yeast Y. lipolytica , with achieved CA production presenting in many cases higher final concentrations than the present study; for instance, the mutant strains Wratislavia AWG7 and A-101-1.22 have been revealed capable of producing the significantly high concentrations of CA ranging between 119.1 and 160.5 g/L, during growth on this renewable resource in fed-batch or repeated batch bioreactor experiments [ 63 , 64 ]. However, crude glycerol cannot be considered a “waste” material per se (in most cases this substrate has a small acquisition cost contrary to the OMWs that present a negative value [ 26 , 31 , 32 , 35 ]), while, as mentioned, in most cases, the high CA final concentrations previously indicated (i.e., CA ≥ 100 g/L) have been achieved with the aid of mutant and not wild-type strains [ 9 , 53 , 63 , 64 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth Response of Non-Conventional Yeasts on Sugar-Rich Media: Part 2: Citric Acid Production and Circular-Oriented Valorization of Glucose-Enriched Olive Mill Wastewaters Using Novel Yarrowia lipolytica Strains

Sarris,

Tsouko,

Photiades

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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The global market for citric acid (CA) is one of the biggest and fastest expanding markets in the food industry. The CA production employing microbial bioprocessing with efficient GRAS strains and renewable waste streams is in line with the European Union binding targets for resource efficiency, sustainable consumption-production, and low-carbon technologies. In this work, the potential of three novel wild-type Yarrowia lipolytica strains (namely LMBF Y-46, LMBF Y-47 and ACA-YC 5033) regarding the production of CA and other valuable metabolites was tested on glucose-based media, and the most promising amongst the screened strains (viz. the strain ACA-YC 5033) was cultured on glucose-based media, in which part of the fermentation water had been replaced by olive-mill wastewaters (OMWs) in a novel approach of simultaneous OMW valorization and bioremediation. In the first part of this study, the mentioned strains were cultured under nitrogen-limited conditions with commercial (low-cost) glucose employed as a sole carbon source in shake-flask cultures at an initial concentration (S0) ≈ of 50 g/L. Variable quantities of secreted citric acid (CA) and intra-cellular compounds (viz. polysaccharides and lipids) were produced. All strains did not accumulate significantly high lipid quantities (i.e., maximum lipid in dry cell weight [DCW] values ≈30% w/w were noted) but produced variable CA quantities. The most promising strain, namely ACA-YC 5033, produced CA up to c. 24 g/L, with a yield of CA produced on glucose consumed (YCA/S) ≈ 0.45 g/g. This strain in stirred tank bioreactor experiments, at remarkably higher S0 concentrations (≈110 g/L) and the same initial nitrogen quantity added into the medium, produced notably higher CA quantities, up to 57 g/L (YCA/S ≈ 0.52 g/g). The potential of the same strain (ACA-YC 5033) to bioremediate OMWs and to produce value-added compounds, i.e., yeast cells, CA, and intra-cellular metabolites, was also assessed; under nitrogen-limited conditions in which OMWs had partially replaced tap water and significant glucose concentrations had been added (S0 ≈ 100 g/L, simultaneous molar ratio C/N ≈ 285 g/g, initial phenolic compounds [Phen0] adjusted to ≈1.0 g/L; these media were similar to the OMWs generated from the traditional press extraction systems) the notable CA quantity of 60.2 g/L with simultaneous YCA/S = 0.66 g/g, was obtained in shake flasks, together with satisfactory phenolic compounds removal (up to 19.5% w/w) and waste decolorization (up to 47.0%). Carbon-limited conditions with Phen0 ≈ 1.0 g/L favored the production of yeast DCW (up to 25.3 g/L), with equally simultaneous interesting phenolic compounds and color removal. The fatty acid profile showed that cellular lipids were highly unsaturated with oleic, linoleic and palmitoleic acids, accounting for more than 80% w/w. This study proposed an interesting approach that could efficiently address the biotreatment of toxic effluents and further convert them into circular-oriented bioproducts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth Response of Non-Conventional Yeasts on Sugar-Rich Media: Part 2: Citric Acid Production and Circular-Oriented Valorization of Glucose-Enriched Olive Mill Wastewaters Using Novel Yarrowia lipolytica Strains

Sarris,

Tsouko,

Photiades

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

Self Cite

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“…Elsewhere, a pilot-scale process was also accomplished using Chlorella to synthesize SCP, β-carotene, and chlorophylls [ 80 ]. Other algal species, such as Schizochytrium , Haematococcus , Dunaliella , and Arthrospira , are applicable in SCP studies because they are generally regarded as safe (GRAS) by the FDA, and their use will lead to new innovations/discoveries in the field of SCP [ 81 ]; furthermore, these species are also used for commercial purposes [ 82 ]. Recent advances in genetic engineering and molecular biology have allowed researchers to discover microalgal strains with robust metabolic traits, especially those strains that can facilitate the production of multifarious value-added products such as proteins, antioxidants, biopolymers, carotenoids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, etc., via microalgal biorefinery-based strategies.…”

Section: An Overview Of Scp-producing Microbesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of Food Waste into Single-Cell Protein: An Innovative Technological Strategy for Sustainable Protein Production

Sekoai,

Roets-Dlamini,

O’Brien

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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The rapidly increasing population and climate change pose a great threat to our current food systems. Moreover, the high usage of animal-based and plant-based protein has its drawbacks, as these nutritional sources require many hectares of land and water, are affected by seasonal variations, are costly, and contribute to environmental pollution. Single-cell proteins (SCPs) are gaining a lot of research interest due to their remarkable properties, such as their high protein content that is comparable with other protein sources; low requirements for land and water; low carbon footprint; and short production period. This review explores the use of food waste as a sustainable feedstock for the advancement of SCP processes. It discusses SCP studies that exploit food waste as a substrate, alongside the biocatalysts (bacteria, fungi, yeast, and microalgae) that are used. The operational setpoint conditions governing SCP yields and SCP fermentation routes are elucidated as well. This review also demonstrates how the biorefinery concept is implemented in the literature to improve the economic potential of “waste-to-protein” innovations, as this leads to the establishment of multiproduct value chains. A short section that discusses the South African SCP scenario is also included. The technical and economic hurdles facing second-generation SCP processes are also discussed, together with future perspectives. Therefore, SCP technologies could play a crucial role in the acceleration of a “sustainable protein market”, and in tackling the global hunger crisis.

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“…Early single-cell protein (SCP) biotechnologies have included yeasts and microalgae ( Wada et al, 2022 ). More recently, SCP derived from purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) has emerged as a more desirable protein source due to its comparatively higher biomass protein content, carotenoid and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) content, high nutrient recovery rate, metabolic versatility and anti-pathogen properties ( George et al, 2020 ; Koukoumaki et al, 2024 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of cell disruption methods for protein and coenzyme Q10 quantification in purple non-sulfur bacteria

Wada,

Rashid,

Wijten

et al. 2024

Front. Microbiol.

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A recent focus has been on the recovery of single-cell protein and other nutritionally valuable bioproducts, such as Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) from purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) biomass following wastewater treatment. However, due to PNSB’s peculiar cell envelope (e.g., increased membrane cross-section for energy transduction) and relatively smaller cell size compared to well-studied microbial protein sources like yeast and microalgae, the effectiveness of common cell disruption methods for protein quantification from PNSB may differ. Thus, this study examines the efficiency of selected chemical (NaOH and EDTA), mechanical (homogenization and bead milling), physical (thermal and bath/probe sonication), and combined chemical–mechanical/physical treatment techniques on the PNSB cell lysis. PNSB biomass was recovered from the treatment of gas-to-liquid process water. Biomass protein and CoQ10 contents were quantified based on extraction efficiency. Considering single-treatment techniques, bead milling resulted in the best protein yields (p < 0.001), with the other techniques resulting in poor yields. However, the NaOH-assisted sonication (combined chemical/physical treatment technique) resulted in similar protein recovery (p = 1.00) with bead milling, with the former having a better amino acid profile. For example, close to 50% of the amino acids, such as sensitive ones like tryptophan, threonine, cystine, and methionine, were detected in higher concentrations in NaOH-assisted sonication (>10% relative difference) compared to bead-milling due to its less disruptive nature and improved solubility of amino acids in alkaline conditions. Overall, PNSB required more intensive protein extraction techniques than were reported to be effective on other single-cell organisms. NaOH was the preferred chemical for chemical-aided mechanical/physical extraction as EDTA was observed to interfere with the Lowry protein kit, resulting in significantly lower concentrations. However, EDTA was the preferred chemical agent for CoQ10 extraction and quantification. CoQ10 extraction efficiency was also suspected to be adversely influenced by pH and temperature.

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Recent advances in the production of single cell protein from renewable resources and applications

Cited by 22 publications

References 145 publications

Growth Response of Non-Conventional Yeasts on Sugar-Rich Media: Part 2: Citric Acid Production and Circular-Oriented Valorization of Glucose-Enriched Olive Mill Wastewaters Using Novel Yarrowia lipolytica Strains

Growth Response of Non-Conventional Yeasts on Sugar-Rich Media: Part 2: Citric Acid Production and Circular-Oriented Valorization of Glucose-Enriched Olive Mill Wastewaters Using Novel Yarrowia lipolytica Strains

Valorization of Food Waste into Single-Cell Protein: An Innovative Technological Strategy for Sustainable Protein Production

Evaluation of cell disruption methods for protein and coenzyme Q10 quantification in purple non-sulfur bacteria

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