Recent Advances in the Liquid‐Phase Synthesis of Metal Nanostructures with Controlled Shape and Size for Catalysis

Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity

“…A broad range of reducing agents can be utilized in the synthesis of shape-dependent Pt-alloy nanoparticles, 11,12,277−279 such as borohydride, hydrazine, hydrogen, citrate, and ascorbic acid; polyols, diols, or amines also can be used as reducing agents in special organic systems. 221,280 In addition to Pt precursors and reducing agents, some chemicals, including polymers, surfactants, inorganic and organic molecules, as well as ions, can be used as protecting agents that not only are able to restrict particle aggregation and particle size growth but also can contribute to the formation of unique anisotropic shapes by altering the natural growth of the Pt-alloy.…”

“…They found that the Pt−Ni nanocrystals with three different shapes showed different average particle size of 11.8, 12.5, and 16.1 nm, respectively. Generally, particle size can be well controlled by tuning the concentration of the polymer stabilizer: 221,222 the better the stabilization effect (i.e., the higher the PVP concentration), the smaller the metal particles. However, some polymers, including PVP, bind too strongly bound to the nanoparticle surface to be removed, which can result in decreased catalytic performance.…”

Effect of particle size on the activity and durability of the Pt/C electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

“…To simulate the particle size effect on the surface structure change, fractions of face atoms and defects on the surface vs. the particle size was calculated for the cuboctahedron Pt nanoparticles, according to the model proposed by Van Hardeveld et al [41]. The cuboctahedron model is chosen because of its theoretical stability and analogous structure to the practical Pt/C electrocatalysts [18,42]. The simulation curves and the typical high resolution TEM image of electrocatalyst EA3500 are shown in Fig.…”

Effect of Particle Size and Support Type on Pd Catalysts for 1,3-Butadiene Hydrogenation

“…Information regarding particle size and support effects is paramount to improve the catalytic activity of nanoparticle catalysts, though production of highly homogeneous particles is necessary to obtain meaningful insight on the role of the particle size on the catalytic activity. A problem arises however when examining catalysts prepared using different methods; the use of different precursors, catalyst supports or preparation conditions leads to catalysts which were intrinsically different besides a difference in particle size [11]. For example, methods of preparation such as impregnation may cause a large particle size distribution, as seen in a not atypical paper by Okumura et al where a standard deviation of ~ 50% of the total gold nanoparticles were present [12].…”