Recent advances in smart hydrogels for biomedical applications: From self-assembly to functional approaches

Abstract

This review discusses basic aspects used to control the architecture and functional properties of smart hydrogels. The introduction briefly outlines what has been accomplished regarding smart hydrogels and explores historical aspects and the fundamental understanding of these systems. Then, a short discussion on the chemical interactions and the main variables involved in architectural construction is exhibited. Further analysis provides the basis for optimizing biological responses through system modulation. Finally, we outline perspectives and challenges for building smart hydrogels into functionalized and modulated delivery systems.

Preparation of pH‐sensitive hydrogels by graft polymerization of itaconic acid on tragacanth gum

“…Higher swelling at higher pH due to dissociation of carboxyl groups leads to higher water diffusion within the gel matrix and hence drug release is significantly enhanced. The value of p K a for carboxyl groups is 4.6, which leads to ionization of the carboxyl groups above pH 4.6 . The grafted matrix is therefore transformed into a polyelectrolyte and makes the structure more amenable to water penetration.…”

Noble Metals and Soft Bio-Inspired Nanoparticles in Retinal Diseases Treatment: A Perspective

“…For this reason, they are powerful tools in retinal treatment disease [123]. In addition, smart or environment-responsive hydrogels were synthetized to improve drug delivery efficacy [124].…”

Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels: An Interdisciplinary Overview

“…Physical hydrogels are formed by the interaction between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes or oppositely charged multivalent ion/surfactant and polyelectrolyte [7]. Chemical hydrogels are formed from covalently cross-linked polymeric network having permanent junctions [8]. Hydrogels are capable of swelling and shrinking reversibly in response to changes in the external environment [9].…”