In many ways, cancer cells are different from healthy cells. A lot of tactical nano-based drug delivery systems are based on the difference between cancer and healthy cells. Currently, nanotechnology-based delivery systems are the most promising tool to deliver DNA-based products to cancer cells. This review aims to highlight the latest development in the lipids and polymeric nanocarrier for siRNA delivery to the cancer cells. It also provides the necessary information about siRNA development and its mechanism of action. Overall, this review gives us a clear picture of lipid and polymer-based drug delivery systems, which in the future could form the base to translate the basic siRNA biology into siRNA-based cancer therapies.
Topical delivery of local anesthetics has been an area of interest for researchers considering the barrier properties of skin and unfavorable physicochemical properties of drugs. In the present study, efforts have been made to modify the in vivo efficacy of eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine by exploiting the phospholipid modified microemulsion based delivery systems. The strategic QbD (D-optimal mixture design) enabled systematic optimization approach, after having obtained the isotropic area of interest by ternary phase diagram, has resulted into the system with most desirable attributes. Latter include nano-scale, globular structures with an average size of 40.6 nm, as characterized by TEM and DLS. The optimized microemulsion systems in gel dosage forms revealed the better permeability over commercial cream (CC) through abdominal rat skin. Enhancement in the flux from M OPT-NMP gel was 3.22-folds for prilocaine and 4.94-folds for lidocaine, in comparison to that of CC. This enhanced skin permeability is very well reflected in the in vivo studies, wherein intensity and duration of action was augmented significantly. The skin compliance of the optimized formulation was revealed in histopathological studies. The overall benefit relating to efficacy and safety-compliance could be correlated to the uniqueness of the carriers, composed of phospholipids and other components. Hence, the developed phospholipid-microemulsion based gel formulation has been proposed as more useful alternative for the topical delivery of lidocaine and prilocaine.
Capsaicin, extracted from the fruits of Capsicum, is a powerful local stimulant with strong rubifacient action, devoid of vesication. Topical use of capsaicin is quite common in the treatment of various pain-associated musculo-skeletal disorders, itching and neuropathy. Despite its high pharmacodynamic potential, the patient compliance to the drug is reported to be poor owing to multiple skin problems like irritation, burning sensation, and erythma. The present study targets the encasement of drug in the interiors of flexible membrane vesicles (FMVs), as these are reported to have better penetration in the deeper layers of skin, thus leading to enhanced localization of drug and consequently, decreased skin irritation. Multilamellar drug-loaded FMVs, prepared by thin-film hydration were evaluated for their efficacy in vitro and in vivo. When compared with conventional liposomes, the formulated FMVs showed higher skin retention during ex vivo permeation studies employing LACA mice skin, higher analgesic potential using radiant tail-flick method in mice, and better flexibility in regaining their size. Being less of an irritant, these vesicular carriers were also found to be more comfortable on human skin. Thus, the capsaicin-loaded FMVs offer high potential as topical drug delivery technologies with improved patient acceptance and effectiveness.
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