Recent Advances in Microwave-Assisted Polymer Synthesis

Sinnwell, Sebastian; Ritter, Helmut

doi:10.1071/ch07219

Cited by 108 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 186 publications

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“…Previous reviews on the subject were given in books [1,2] and the key review papers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Reviews on microwave-assisted polycondensation of polylactic acid, polyesters and polyamides were presented by Hirao and Nakamura [11][12][13].…”

Section: Ho-r-oh + Hooc-r'-cooh  H-[o-r-ooc-r'-co] N -Oh + (2n-1) H 2 Omentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with average diameter <10nm and length of [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] µm were blended at 65°C with the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and an imidazole derivative, used as polymerization catalyst. Next, the mixture was cast into a mould and pre-cured under microwave irradiation (700 W) for 2 min in 6 cycles, followed by postcuring in a thermal oven at increasing temperature, from 80°C to 150°C, for a total time of …”

Section: The Role Of Fillers In Polymer Composites and Hybrid Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A concise review on microwave-assisted polycondensation reactions and curing of polycondensation polymers with focus on the effect of process conditions

Komorowska-Durka

Dimitrakis

Bogdał

et al. 2015

Chemical Engineering Journal

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The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. AbstractDuring the past 15 years, increasing application of microwave heating to polycondensation reactions has been witnessed. Experiments have been carried out at laboratory scale using widely different experimental procedures. The use of microwaves has often led to significant benefits compared to conventional heating experiments in terms of multi-fold decrease in reaction times and energy consumption and production of polymers with increased molecular weight and improved mechanical properties. In other cases, microwaves do not appear to 2 produce any significant benefits compared to conventional heating. At present, guidelines to experimentalist as to the process conditions and experimental design that should be applied are missing and experimentation seems to be based on an empirical trial-and-error approach.In view of the very different experimental protocols that have been applied and the contradictory trends that are frequently reported, we aim in this review to shed light on the role of important process parameters, such as the presence and type of solvent, the dielectric properties of the mixture and the individual phases, the use of heterogeneous catalysts, pressure, stirring, reflux conditions, temperature measurement method and microwave absorbing fillers, which all seem to determine the occurrence and magnitude of the benefits enabled by microwaves during polycondensation reactions.

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Section: Ho-r-oh + Hooc-r'-cooh  H-[o-r-ooc-r'-co] N -Oh + (2n-1) H 2 Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Role Of Fillers In Polymer Composites and Hybrid Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A concise review on microwave-assisted polycondensation reactions and curing of polycondensation polymers with focus on the effect of process conditions

Komorowska-Durka

Dimitrakis

Bogdał

et al. 2015

Chemical Engineering Journal

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“…Microwaves have been widely used in facilitating the synthesis process, including in polymer synthesis (except palm oil) [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Previous studies (2017) showed that palm oil in several forms, i.e., crude palm oil (CPO), refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO), and refined bleached deodorized palm oil-olein (RBDPOO) can also be polymerized through microwavedassisted cationic polymerization with boron trifluoride ethereal catalyst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave-assisted cationic polymerization of palm olein and their urea inclusion products

Soegijono

Farid

Mas’ud

2018

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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Abstract. Cationic polymerization is affected by the relative amount of unsaturated bond (C=C) in the compound. The enrichment of an unsaturated triglyceride fraction from oils may be performed using urea inclusion techniques. In this study, palm olein was enrichedunsaturated fraction using urea-methanol system. The palm olein and its urea-inclusion products were cationic polymerized with ethereal boron trifluoride catalyst and followed by irradiation using a commercial microwave (microwave-assisted). The microwave irradiated products were cured at 110 o C for 24 hours. Fatty acid composition of the palm olein and its urea-inclusion products were analyzed by gas chromatography. Iodine numbers, functional groups, and ultraviolet absorption spectra of all palm olein origin, urea inclusion products and polymerization products were analyzed using titrimetric, ultraviolet spectrophotometric, and Fourier Transform infrared spectrophotometric methods. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) was used to observe the thermal characteristics of the polymer. Urea-inclusion process increased the unsaturated fatty acid components as indicated by the increased iodine number, intensity of alkene band absorptions in the infrared spectra, and the absorbance of the ultraviolet spectra. The polymer formation is converting the C=C group to C-C, which is indicated by the opposite of the urea inclusion process. The curing process results in reformation of new C=C bonds that were similar to that of the urea inclusion process. The DSC thermogram curve shows that the enrichment process improves the thermal stability of the polymer formed.

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“…This methodology demonstrated improvements (higher yield, shorter reaction times) in various reactions of polymer chemistry. [15][16][17][18] The present work was undertaken to study the acylation of PS with maleic anhydride (MA) in the presence of zinc oxide under microwave conditions. The microwave energy was evaluated as the product of the power and time of irradiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalization of styrenic polymer through acylation and grafting under microwave energy

Coustet

Cortizo

2011

Polym J

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In this study, a new synthetic methodology for the functionalization of polystyrene (PS) has been developed, in which maleic anhydride was used in the presence of zinc oxide as catalyst and microwave energy was used as power source. A mechanism for the acylation reaction is proposed. The effect of reaction conditions on the degree of functionalization of PS was investigated. A subsequent reaction with diisopropyl fumarate/benzoyl peroxide was used to produce a graft copolymer. The polymers were identified and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and size exclusion chromatography using double detection to confirm the structure of the macromolecules. In addition, the effect of acylation and grafting into PS on the corrosion resistance of steel surfaces were studied. The results show high efficiency of the acylation and grafting reactions under microwave conditions, with no PS degradation. Improvement in the corrosion resistance of both acylated and graft polymers suggest that they are suitable for use as protective coatings.

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Recent Advances in Microwave-Assisted Polymer Synthesis

Cited by 108 publications

References 186 publications

A concise review on microwave-assisted polycondensation reactions and curing of polycondensation polymers with focus on the effect of process conditions

A concise review on microwave-assisted polycondensation reactions and curing of polycondensation polymers with focus on the effect of process conditions

Microwave-assisted cationic polymerization of palm olein and their urea inclusion products

Functionalization of styrenic polymer through acylation and grafting under microwave energy

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