Recent Advances in Electrochemical and Optical Sensing of Dopamine

Abstract

Nowadays, several neurological disorders and neurocrine tumours are associated with dopamine (DA) concentrations in various biological fluids. Highly accurate and ultrasensitive detection of DA levels in different biological samples in real-time can change and improve the quality of a patient’s life in addition to reducing the treatment cost. Therefore, the design and development of diagnostic tool for in vivo and in vitro monitoring of DA is of considerable clinical and pharmacological importance. In recent decades, a large number of techniques have been established for DA detection, including chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, spectroscopic approaches, and electrochemical (EC) methods. These methods are effective, but most of them still have some drawbacks such as consuming time, effort, and money. Added to that, sometimes they need complex procedures to obtain good sensitivity and suffer from low selectivity due to interference from other biological species such as uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA). Advanced materials can offer remarkable opportunities to overcome drawbacks in conventional DA sensors. This review aims to explain challenges related to DA detection using different techniques, and to summarize and highlight recent advancements in materials used and approaches applied for several sensor surface modification for the monitoring of DA. Also, it focuses on the analytical features of the EC and optical-based sensing techniques available.

Electrochemical Peptide-Based Sensors for Foodborne Pathogens Detection

“…Optical sensors have high reproducibility and sensitivity, while their detection limits are in the range of nanomolar. One huge advantage when using optical sensors is the lack of electrical wires because the optical signals are transmitted through optical fibers [ 78 ].…”

The Principle of Nanomaterials Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors and Its Potential for Dopamine Detection

“…A variety of these methods demonstrated its capability to detect low levels of DA including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [81][82][83], capillary electrophoresis [84][85][86][87], Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy [88], flow injection [89], enzymatic methods [90], electrochemical (EC) methods [91][92][93], mass spectroscopy [94][95][96], and various types of optical methods such as colorimetry and spectrophotometry [97], fluorescence [98][99][100][101], electrochemiluminescence (ECL) [102], surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) [103][104][105][106][107][108], chemiluminescence (CL) [109], photoelectrochemical (PEC), photoluminescence (PL), solid phase spectrophotometry (SPS), resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS), and SPR spectroscopy [110][111][112][113][114]. The interested reader in electrochemical and optical methods is referred to the review paper by Kamal Eddin and Fen (2020) [115], and references cited therein.…”

Localized and Surface Plasmons Coupling for Ultrasensitive Dopamine Detection by means of SPR‐Based Perylene Bisimide/Au Nanostructures Thin Film

“…[18] Considering the low sensitivity typical of this kind of techniques, many efforts have been devoted to the implementation and the optimization of the active layer/ transducer for DA detection at least down to the physiological concentration. [19][20][21] With this aim, in this work, an SPR transducer has been ad hoc designed and developed in order to gain sub-nanomolar DA recognition even in complex matrix, as artificial CSF (aCSF). An amphiphilic perylene bisimide derivative bearing a positive charge (perylene bisimide, PBI, Figure 1) has been used for anchoring citrate-capped Au nanostructures, through the layer-by-layer (LbL) method, onto solid supports including SPR slides.…”