Localized and Surface Plasmons Coupling for Ultrasensitive Dopamine Detection by means of SPR‐Based Perylene Bisimide/Au Nanostructures Thin Film

Abstract

blood, serum, urine). [1][2][3] Catecholamines, including DA, noradrenaline, levodopa, norepinephrine, serotonin are fundamental neurotransmitters governing neural communication, as well as vascular and hormone functions. [4,5] DA levels analysis in biological complex fluids, especially cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is an intriguing challenge to perform an early diagnosis of several neural diseases and then therapeutic treatments. [6][7][8] Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's diseases, Schizophrenia, epilepsy, and memory loss are some of the widespread neural sicknesses related to DA down-level in the CSF. [8][9][10] In healthy patients, DA CSF levels are reported to be in the 0.5× 10 −9 to 25 × 10 −9 m concentration range, [11] whilst, in Parkinson's disease affected people, DA CSF levels drop down to sub-nanomolar concentration (below 100 × 10 −12 m). [12,13] In the last years, in order to reply to the demand of ultrasensitive DA detection in biological fluids, as CSF or sera, the researchers' interest in innovative optical and spectroscopic sensing systems, especially based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) methods, has been constantly rising. [14][15][16][17] In fact,

SPR-Based Sensor for the Early Detection or Monitoring of Kidney Problems

“…As a result, the analysis of dopamine levels in the human body, remarkably the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is critical for the early detection and treatment of a variety of neural diseases [ 103 , 104 ]. Pagano et al recently proposed a novel approach for developing a dopamine detection system based on SERS-LSPR by fabricating a hybrid layer of perylene bisimide (PBI) derivative and multishaped Au nanostructures (AuNS) [ 45 ]. The fabricated detection system is capable of detecting dopamine concentrations as low as 1 × 10 −9 mM over a detection range of 10 −9 —10 −5 mM with a linear response of 10 −9 –10 −6 M. Due to the coupling mechanism between localized (AuNS) and propagating surface plasmons in the PBI/AuNS hybrid layer, such low levels of dopamine can be detected.…”

“…In general, SPR has been used to detect a variety of targets, including glucose [ 40 – 42 ], uric acid [ 43 , 44 ], dopamine [ 27 , 45 , 46 ], antibody [ 47 – 50 ], antigen [ 47 , 51 , 52 ], salmonella [ 53 ], urea [ 43 , 54 – 56 ], and creatinine [ 28 , 57 , 58 ], in a variety of applications, including material characterization, medical diagnostics, food quality sensors, and drug development. Yu et al described the development of a D-shaped fiber SPR glucose biosensor with a modified MoS2-graphene composite nanostructure that exhibits approximately fourfold increased sensitivity [ 40 ].…”

“…Meanwhile, sensor design was based on in-situ Au@AgNPs formation and the inner filter effect (IFE). Additionally, double sensitivity to dopamine 10 −12 M was achieved using SPR sensors based on a thin film of perylene bisimide (PBI)/Au nanostructures (AuNs) [ 45 ]. The PBI/AuNS hybrid layer can enhance the interfacial coupling of plasmonic waves propagating on AuNs.…”

Terahertz aptasensor for dopamine neurochemical detection

“…10) In addition to these imaging technologies, several electrochemical and optical sensors have been developed for highly sensitive and selective detection of neurochemicals. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] ) Among them, printed ultrathin metal-oxide field-effect transistor (FET) arrays and stretchable porous graphene-based electrochemical sensors have been of interest owing to their superior performances in charged and electroneutral small molecules sensing 19) and real-time monitoring of neurotransmitters in the brains of behaving mice. 20) Meanwhile, terahertz waves are a type of electromagnetic wave that can be used for chemical sensing and biosensing applications, particularly in spectroscopy and imaging.…”

Fiber Optic Plasmonic Sensors Based on Nanodome Arrays with Nanogaps

“…However, flat films have a limitation in expanding the surface area. Embossed shapes such as disks, rods, and squares enlarge the sensing area and generate localized surface plasmons (LSPs), , which accelerates the collection of incident light and enhances SPR efficiency. − In addition, nanogaps shaped with engraved rings, rods, and dots exhibit the hotspot effect (generation of regions with high electromagnetic (EM) intensities for sensing) between discontinuous films. − Owing to this hotspot effect, nanogaps can help enhance sensitivity; , the relationship between the concentration of the EM field and the sensitivity of nanostructures has been elucidated in previous studies. , The aforementioned structures are fabricated using conventional processes, e.g., electron beam lithography (EBL) and focused ion beam (FIB), which pattern the required shapes with a precision close to the measurement resolution of the light source. However, they are economically infeasible as the process is time-consuming, and the achievable height is restricted. , Moreover, EBL profiles frequently depend on the characteristics of the photoresist …”