Recent Advancements of Nanomedicine in Neurodegenerative Disorders Theranostics

Abstract

Recent times have witnessed an upsurge in the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Prion disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The treatment of the same remains a daunting challenge due to the limited access of therapeutic moieties across the blood–brain barrier. Engineered nanoparticles with a size less than 100 nm provide multifunctional abilities for solving these biomedical and pharmacological issues due to their unique physico‐chemical properties along with capability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Needless to mention, there is a scarcity of review articles summarizing recent developments of various nanomaterials including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, and bio‐nanoparticles toward the therapeutic and theranostics applications for various neurodegenerative disorders. Here, a broad spectrum of nanomedicinal approaches to eradicate neurodegenerative disorders is provided, along with a brief account of neuroprotection and neuronal tissue regeneration, current clinical status, issues related to safety, toxicity, challenges, and future outlook.

Target-driven supramolecular self-assembly for selective amyloid-β photooxygenation against Alzheimer's disease

“…11,48 Recently, nanoparticles with intrinsic BBB-penetrability have been developed for neurodegenerative disease treatment. 12,14,16 Therefore, we inferred that solid spherical nanostructured PKNPs exhibited great potential for traversing the BBB. Moreover, considering the photothermal effect of PKNPs, the BBB permeability of PKNPs could be improved under NIR irradiation.…”

“…11,12 In addition, these molecular photosensitizers also tend to aggregate and/or suffer from rapid elimination in the body, 13 further resulting in a decrease in photo-oxygenation efficiency. Most recently, several photoactive nanomaterials with unique BBB penetration ability [14][15][16] and physicochemical stability have been developed as promising alternatives to molecular photosensitizers. [17][18][19] However, these nanoscale photosensitizers can cause unwanted off-target oxidative damage to healthy tissues due to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated under illumination.…”

Nanomedicine: A Promising Way to Manage Alzheimer’s Disease

“…However, with the use of these drugs, frequent therapy failures are being reported due to their less absorption in neuronal cell membranes, instability, brain toxicity, and other pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters (Arias, 2014;Suri et al, 2015). Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) with unique physicochemical properties and the capability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may be a promising strategy to solve these biomedical and pharmacological problems in the treatment of brain diseases like AD (Mukherjee et al, 2020). The delivery of drugs to the brain through these NPs could enhance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the drugs with minimal toxicity (Orive et al, 2003;Gupta et al, 2019).…”

Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles by Folate as Potential MRI Contrast Agent for Breast Cancer Diagnostics

“…Because of their unique physicochemical properties, nanoparticles (NP) have broad applications in a variety of biomedical researches, like implants [ 1 ], drug delivery systems [ 2 ], tissue engineering [ 3 ], and infection therapy [ 4 ]. One of the significant applications of nanomaterials in medicine is the timely detection and treatment of cancer [ 5 ]. Different nanoprobes such as quantum dots have been developed for the early diagnosis of breast cancer, and this requires understanding the distribution and removal of nanoparticles at the breast tumor site [ 6 ].…”