Recent Advancement of Functional Hydrogels toward Diabetic Wound Management

Abstract

Wound healing is a dynamic, orchestrated process comprising partially overlapping phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This programmed process, dysregulated in diabetic individuals, results in chronic diabetic wounds. The normal process of healing halts at the inflammatory stage, and this prolonged inflammatory phase is characteristic of diabetic wounds. There are a few U.S. Food & Drug Administration approved skin substitutes; dermal matrixes are commercially available to manage diabetic wounds. However, expensiveness and nonresponsiveness in a few instances are the major limitations of such modalities. To address the issues, several treatment strategies have been exploited to treat chronic wounds; among them hydrogel-based systems showed promise due to favorable properties such as excellent absorption capabilities, porous structure, tunable mechanical strength, and biocompatibility. In the past two decades, hydrogels have become one of the most acceptable systems in the field of wound dressing material, offering single functionality to multifunctionality. This review focuses on the advancement of functional hydrogels explored for diabetic wound management. The process of diabetic wound healing is discussed in the light of the normal healing process, and the role of macrophages in the process is explained. This review also discusses the different approaches to treat diabetic wounds using functional hydrogels, along with their future opportunities.

Bioglass/collagen scaffolds combined with bone marrow stromal cells on bone healing in an experimental model in cranial defects in rats

“…22,[51][52][53] In the present study, a VEGF immunolabelling was observed for all treated animals. It has been reported that BG has a stimulatory effect on neovascularization by stimulating the secretion of angiogenic factors, 30,54 which, together with the osteopromotive properties of BG, might further influence bone formation. Furthermore, it was observed that the addition of COL and BMSCs provided a higher effect on VEGF immunolabelling after 15 days.…”

Assessment framework for the selection of a potential interactive dressing material for diabetic foot ulcer

“…Hydrogels are attractive materials for chronic wound dressing as they provide moist environment for the wound bed and can provide a 3D skin-like mechanical properties which can deliver wound regenerative and antimicrobial drugs for adequate wound repair [ 24 ]. Hydrogels hydrates dry necrotic and slough wounds, provides an analgesic effect promoting autolysis and are the best choice for the treatment of dry wounds with necrotic eschar [ 23 ]. They debride the wound by rehydrating up to a 50% debridement level more quickly than wet-to-dry dressings and are more cost-effective [ 20 ].…”

Recent Advances in Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Strategies for Diabetic Wound Healing Application

“…The high blood glucose level in the human body results in symptoms such as tissue hypoxia, for instance, a slow response in tissue [ 41 ], a weak blood supply, and increased chances of receiving infections [ 42 , 43 ]. Diabetic wound healing is delayed because pathogens increase the changes of tissue hypoxia by reducing the process of angiogenesis and endothelial revascularization; therefore, building an environment that could mimic ECM is important [ 44 ].…”