The COVID 19 is a pandemic having an epidemic nature influencing the human health and economy in a global level. The major limitation to overcome the issue is the lack of potential vaccines or effective medicines to treat or control the disease. Considering the shortness of time to act, the purpose of the paper was to identify and categorise the climatic, sociobiological factors that influence the global super-spread of the epidemic using a theory building approach, 'Total Interpretive Structural Modelling' (TISM). MICMAC analysis of the identified factors, based on their interdependence categorized the triggering factors, air temperature, humidity, age, airflow and ventilation, responsible for the increased mortality rate of COVID 19 compared to SARS and MERS. So the model explains why the temperate countries of similar climatic zones and aged people are more vulnerable. It also predicts the susceptibility of countries based on their geographic locations and upcoming climatic conditions which were found to be influential in sustaining longevity and aerosol spread of the virus. Since many of these factors remain unaltered or out of human control, the linkage factors identified in this paper; change in host behaviour and number of contacts can be given priorities in order to overcome the situation. Furthermore, this is the first attempt made to understand epidemiological characteristics of COVID 19 using TISM approach.

The global risks report of 2020 stated, climate-related issues dominate all of the top-five long-term critical global risks burning the planet and according to the report, “as existing health risks resurge and new ones emerge, humanity's past successes in overcoming health challenges are no guarantee of future results.” Over the last few decades, the world has experienced several pandemic outbreaks of various pathogens and the frequency of the emergence of novel strains of infectious organisms has increased in recent decades. As per expert opinion, rapidly mutating viruses, emergence and re-emergence of epidemics with increasing frequencies, climate-sensitive vector-borne diseases are likely to be increasing over the years and the trends will continue and intensify. Susceptible disease hosts, anthropogenic activities and environmental changes contribute and trigger the ‘adaptive evolution’ of infectious agents to thrive and spread into different ecological niches and to adapt to new hosts. The overarching objective of this paper is to provide insight into the human actions which should be strictly regulated to help to sustain life on earth. To identify and categorize the triggering factors that contribute to disease ecology, especially repeated emergence of disease pandemics, a theory building approach, ‘Total Interpretive Structural Modeling’ (TISM) was used; also the tool, ‘Impact Matrix Cross-Reference Multiplication Applied to a Classification’ analysis (MICMAC) was applied to rank the risk factors based on their impacts on other factors and on the interdependence among them. This mathematical modeling tool clearly explains the strength, position and interconnectedness of each anthropogenic factor that contributes to the evolution of pathogens and to the frequent emergence of pandemics which needs to be addressed with immediate priority. As we are least prepared for another pandemic outbreak, significant policy attention must be focused on the causative factors to limit emerging outbreaks like COVID 19 in the future.

Humanity is facing the biggest challenge ever in the history of mankind as COVID-19 is lashing hard over the people round the globe. The present situation is getting worse as the management of heavy influx of infected individuals in the Covid care centres are difficult as well as the new emergence of mutant forms of Corona virus which may escape from the immune surveillance or the viral immune acquired responses against the newly developed vaccines, which may lead the global healthcare systems to uncertainty and it's the situational demand to increase the efficacy of such systems by managerial operations. Agility plays a vital role in Covid-19 care to enhance the operational performance to meet the dynamic demand of Covid-19 hospitals. The aim of this paper is to analyse the factors that interplay in the agility of Covid care operations in healthcare organizationsusing Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM) approach. This is the first attempt made to understand the factors influencing the agility of Covid care systems using TISM approach. Accessibility and availability of the required resources, training and development, collaboration and resilience were found to be key driving factors influencing agility, while multi-tasking and decision making, embracing technology and innovations and cost effectiveness were identified as the triggering factors. The findings may help the healthcare organizations to enhance their agility level of the Covid care operations.

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Background: Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Typhimurium) adapts to the broad fluctuations of oxygen concentrations encountered in the host. The transition from aerobic to microaerobic/anaerobic condition encountered in the intestine is mainly regulated by fumarate and nitrate reductase (fnr) regulatory gene and aerobic respiratory control A (arcA) gene. Aim is to appraise the role of fnr gene under anaerobic conditions.Methods: In this study, we deleted fnr gene from S.Typhimurium using lambda red-recombinase mediated gene knockout protocol. Further carried out in vitro characterization and analyzed the differential protein expression in wild type (WT) and isogenic Δfnr null mutant (Δfnr) using SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry under anaerobic conditions.Result: In growth competition, WT strain outcompeted the Δfnr and biofilm-forming ability of Δfnr was significantly reduced compared to WT strain. Swimming motility was reduced in Δfnr strain. Besides, differential protein expression revealed the global changes in the expression of many proteins in fnr strain. One differentially expressed protein was identified as TolA, an inner membrane envelope protein. It points out that fnr may regulate the genes responsible for motility and biofilm formation. FNR protein positively regulates TolA, which is important for bacterial virulence, maintenance of membrane integrity, LPS production and replication of bacteria.