Reappraisal of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Heart Failure

Abstract

Purpose of Review Inflammation has been shown to be an important factor in the development and progression of heart failure (HF), regardless of the etiology. There have been many studies demonstrated roles of inflammatory biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis of chronic and acute HF patients, and also markers of cardiotoxicity from chemotherapy. These cytokines are highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), soluble growth stimulation expressed gene 2 (sST2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and galectin-3. In this review, we discuss the past, and present insights of those inflammatory biomarkers in order to gain more understanding in pathogenesis of HF, risk stratification of HF patients, and early detection of cardiotoxicity from cancer therapy.Recent Findings Those inflammatory cytokines have been shown to be associated with mortality of both chronic and acute HF patients, and some of them are able to track treatment responses, especially sST2 and galectin-3, which are the only two inflammatory biomarkers recommended to use in clinical setting by the recent standard HF guidelines. While some studies described ET-1 and MPO as potential predictors of cardiotoxicity from cancer drugs.Summary The prognostic implications of inflammatory biomarkers in HF patients have been demonstrated more consistently in chronic than acute HF, with some suggestions of ET-1 and MPO in patients receiving chemotherapy. However, further studies are necessary for the use of inflammatory biomarkers in routine clinical practice.

Maladaptive Changes Associated With Cardiac Aging Are Sex-Specific and Graded by Frailty and Inflammation in C57BL/6 Mice

“…We found that, in males, LV mass increased in proportion to serum IL-6 levels. IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertrophy and heart failure ( 50 ). It binds to IL-6 receptors on cardiomyocytes and promotes cardiac hypertrophy in adult male rats ( 51 ).…”

Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) restricts MD2/TLR4‐MyD88 complex formation and signalling in acute myocardial infarction‐induced heart failure

“…B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is one of the gold standard biomarkers in determining the diagnosis and prognosis of HF 17 . Tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) have been demonstrated as inflammatory biomarkers in chronic and acute HF patients 18 . LDH locates in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes in normal state.…”

“…17 Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) have been demonstrated as inflammatory biomarkers in chronic and acute HF patients. 18 After cDNA was ligated with adaptors, PCR amplification was performed using Phusion High-Fidelity DNA polymerase, Universal PCR primers and Index (X) Primer and build the library of each sample.…”

Analysis of galectin‐3 levels as a source of coronary heart disease risk during periodontitis

“…Galectin‐3 is systemically released, from fibroblast and macrophage, on active inflammation sites and is implicated during the early stages of certain systemic diseases such as endothelial dysfunction, CHD, and heart failure 9 . Moreover, it has been demonstrated that Galectin‐3, similarly to asymmetric dimethylarginine, 10 reduces the release of nitric oxide (NO) from macrophages and downregulates some pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and IL‐1β 11 . Galectin‐3 has also been shown to regulates the apoptosis of T‐helper cells through the stimulation of IL‐10 and −21 12 .…”