Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

Launer, Lenore J.; Andersen, Kjeld; Dewey, Martin; Letenneur, Luc; Ott, Alewijn; Amaducci, L.; Brayne, Carol; Copeland, J. R. M.; Dartigues, Jean‐François; Kragh‐Sörensen, P.; Lobò, Antonio; Martínez‐Lage, J. M.; Stijnen, Theo; Hofman, Albert

doi:10.1212/wnl.52.1.78

Cited by 687 publications

(483 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…However, lower incidence of dementia in subjects with higher education has been reported by at least eight cohorts from France [26], Sweden [27], Finland [12], China [28], and the United States [14,15,20,29]. Similar associations emerged in a pooled analysis of four European population-based prospective studies of individuals 65 years and older [30].…”

Section: Educationmentioning

confidence: 52%

Cognitive reserve: Implications for diagnosis and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease

Scarmeas

Stern

2004

Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep

203

132

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Epidemiologic evidence suggests that higher occupational attainment and education, as well as increased participation in intellectual, social, and physical aspects of daily life, are associated with slower cognitive decline in healthy elderly and may reduce the risk of incident Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is also evidence from structural and functional imaging studies that patients with such life experiences can tolerate more AD pathology before showing signs of clinical dementia. It has been hypothesized that such aspects of life experience may result in functionally more efficient cognitive networks and, therefore, provide a cognitive reserve that delays the onset of clinical manifestations of dementia. In this article, we review some of the relevant literature of the noted associations between markers of cognitive reserve and AD and discuss the possible mechanisms that may explain these associations.

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Section: Educationmentioning

confidence: 52%

Cognitive reserve: Implications for diagnosis and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease

Scarmeas

Stern

2004

Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep

203

132

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“…[16][17][18] What is less clear is whether mild TBI can also lead to cognitive impairment, with several studies showing negative results. [19][20][21] More than one million concussions occur annually in this country, with 300,000 resulting from sports-related activities. This is an annual incidence greater than that of all cases of moderate and severe TBI and Alzheimer's disease combined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Episodes of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Result in Impaired Cognitive Performance in Mice

Creeley¹,

Wozniak²,

Bayly³

et al. 2004

Acad Emergency Med

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Objectives: Results from recent studies on animal models of concussion suggest that multiple, rather than single, episodes of mild traumatic brain injury result in impaired cognitive performance in mice. The objective of the present study was to administer multiple impacts to the heads of mice while directly measuring the force of the impacts to determine how these parameters are related to transient loss of consciousness, cognitive deficits, and potential neuropathologic effects. Methods: Seven-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to experimental conditions involving three impacts (weight-drop method) to the head to induce mild traumatic brain injury or to sham control procedures. Some impacted (n ¼ 10) and sham control (n ¼ 10) mice were evaluated behaviorally and tested for spatial learning using the Morris water maze (MWM), whereas other impacted (n ¼ 10) and sham control (n ¼ 5) mice were used for histopathologic analysis. Results: The mean (6SD) force of impact was 19 (63.5) N. Impacted mice took longer to regain consciousness compared with sham control mice (p \ 0.0005). Behavioral test results showed that the groups did not differ on activity or sensorimotor tests or during cued trials in the MWM. Impacted mice exhibited impaired spatial learning performance during place trials in the MWM (p \ 0.05). Silver staining revealed a contra-coup type of injury involving ventral brain structures in contact with or in close proximity to the skull. Conclusions: This multiple-impact model, delivered within a specifiable force range, results in transient, reversible loss of consciousness, a contra-coup brain injury, and cognitive impairment. Key words: traumatic brain injury; concussion; memory; cognition; mice. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MED-ICINE 2004; 11:809-819. It is not clear whether mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes demonstrable long-term cognitive impairment in humans. A number of earlier epidemiologic studies suggest that this may be the case, but the use of retrospective designs, lack of appropriate control groups, and an inability to correct for several confounding factors did not allow for a straightforward interpretation of the results. [1][2][3][4] More recently, a number of studies of athletes who have experienced a sports-related concussion suggest that symptomatology and cognitive impairment can last for one week 5 and, in some cases, up to three months. 6 Animal models have been used to study the behavioral and neuropathologic sequelae associated with TBI. [7][8][9][10] In three of these studies, in which slightly different murine models of mild TBI were used, the results suggested that mild single impacts did not produce discernible learning/memory deficits when behavioral testing was conducted more than three days after impact. [8][9][10] In contrast, multiple mild impacts have usually been found to produce significant effects on behavior, but the nature of these changes has been inconsistent across studies. For example, DeFord et al. 10 reported that multiple mild impacts ...

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“…Since the incidence of dementia increases with age, the prevalence of dementia is increasing. However, dementia can also occur before the age of 65 (Ott et al 1998;Launer et al 1999;Harvey, Skelton-Robinson, and Rossor 2003). Dementia is a progressive syndrome; symptoms include a deterioration of memory and cognitive abilities, such as judgement, executive function and general information processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivating and discouraging factors with being a support contact in the dementia care sector: a grounded theory study

Johannessen

Hallberg

Möller

2013

Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research

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Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

Cited by 687 publications

References 37 publications

Cognitive reserve: Implications for diagnosis and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease

Cognitive reserve: Implications for diagnosis and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease

Multiple Episodes of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Result in Impaired Cognitive Performance in Mice

Motivating and discouraging factors with being a support contact in the dementia care sector: a grounded theory study

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