Rapid Sterilization and Accelerated Wound Healing Using Zn²⁺ and Graphene Oxide Modified g‐C₃N₄ under Dual Light Irradiation

Abstract

Wound healing is affected by bacterial infection and related inflammation, cell proliferation and differentiation, and tissue remodeling. Current antibiotics therapy cannot promote wound healing and kill bacteria at the same time. Herein, hybrid nanosheets of g-C 3 N 4 -Zn 2+ @graphene oxide (SCN-Zn 2+ @GO) are prepared by combining Zn 2+ doped sheet-like g-C 3 N 4 with graphene oxide via electrostatic bonding and π-π stacking interactions to assist wound healing and kill bacteria simultaneously by short-time exposure to 660 and 808 nm light. The gene expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2, type I collagen, type III collagen, and interleukin β in fibroblasts are regulated by GO and released Zn 2+ , which can accelerate wound healing. Co-irradiation produces an antibacterial ratio over 99.1% within a short time because of the synergistic effects of both photodynamic antibacterial and photothermal antibacterial treatments. The hyperthermia produced by 808 nm light illumination can weaken the bacterial activity. And these bacteria can be easily killed by membrane destruction, protein denaturation, and disruption of bacterial metabolic pathways due to reactive oxygen species produced under 660 nm light irradiation. This strategy of Zn 2+ and GO modification can increase the antibacterial efficacy of SCN and accelerate wound healing at the same time, which makes this SCN-Zn 2+ @GO be very promising in bacteria-infected wound healing therapy.

Eradicating Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria Rapidly Using a Multi Functional g‐C3N4@ Bi2S3 Nanorod Heterojunction with or without Antibiotics

“…CN and CN–Zn synthesis : The CN powders were prepared with previous methods . Briefly, 5 g melamine was put in a crucible and heated to 600 °C at a heating rate of 5 °C min −1 for 2 h under air atmosphere.…”

“…The photodynamic anti‐bacterial (PDA) and photothermal anti‐bacterial (PTA) methods work by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) (including 1 O 2 , ·OH, and ·O 2− ) and hyperthermia, which can cause damage to bacterial cells . Several studies about the development of nanophotosensitizers have focused on traditional NIR absorption materials, such as gold nanoparticles or nanorods, copper sulfide (CuS), and black phosphorus (BP) .…”

“…Here, we investigated the photocatalytic enhancement mechanism after metal atom doping (CN–Zn) combined with Bi 2 S 3 (BiS) nanorods, employing density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Considering the positive zeta potential of CN–Zn sheets and negative one of BiS nanorods, the prepared CN–Zn and BiS can be combined with each other through electrostatic bonding . The bandgap, density of electronic state distribution, and capability of absorbing oxygen of CN–Zn/BiS were adjusted compared with precursors (CN–Zn and BiS), which produced higher catalytic activity and more ROS after NIR illumination.…”

Highly Effective and Noninvasive Near‐Infrared Eradication of a Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm on Implants by a Photoresponsive Coating within 20 Min

“…[15][16][17][18][19] Near-infrared light-induced hyperthermia for combating bacteria based on photothermal conversion agents is one of the most attractive emerging methods and can destroy bacteria via various thermal effects, such as breakdown of the cell membrane or denaturation of proteins/enzymes. [15][16][17][18][19] Near-infrared light-induced hyperthermia for combating bacteria based on photothermal conversion agents is one of the most attractive emerging methods and can destroy bacteria via various thermal effects, such as breakdown of the cell membrane or denaturation of proteins/enzymes.…”

Silver‐Infused Porphyrinic Metal–Organic Framework: Surface‐Adaptive, On‐Demand Nanoplatform for Synergistic Bacteria Killing and Wound Disinfection

“…This distinctive approach is based on the use of photosensitizers (PSs) under appropriate light irradiation to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The generated ROS reacts with a large number of biological substrates, like lipids, proteins, DNA, and RNA, to alter their structures chemically, which thus affects the activity of the bacteria and leads to bacterial death ultimately . In particular, owing to the excellent photophysical properties, porphyrin family is popularly employed as one class of important photosensitizers .…”